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Chen L, Ren Y, Zhu P, Yang Y, Zhu F. Meta-analysis on intervention effects of exercise on Chinese children and adolescents with mobile phone dependence. Front Psychol 2025; 16:1487944. [PMID: 40290548 PMCID: PMC12021922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1487944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to examine which exercise regimens may have a stronger intervention effect and assess the impact of exercise on children's and teenagers' dependence on mobile phones using a meta-analysis system. Methods From the library's founding until December 2023, we searched the databases of China Knowledge, Wanfang, Wipro, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for experimental studies on the effects of exercise on children's and adolescents' dependence on mobile phones. We also evaluated the literature's quality using the Cochrane Handbook and performed meta-analyses using the RevMan 5.4 software. Using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as the primary effect indicators, a meta-analysis was conducted utilizing RevMan 5.4 software. The protocol of this systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024543710). Results (1) Aerobic exercise showed a significant intervention effect on mobile phone dependence in children and adolescents in the intervention content subgroups but was not statistically significant in the combined exercise subgroups. (2) Exercise demonstrated a large effect size intervention effect on mobile phone dependence in children and adolescents. (3) Regarding mobile phone dependence in children and adolescents, the intensity of the intervention was divided into three subgroups: medium, moderate to high, and low. (4) The greatest intervention effect on mobile phone dependence was observed with a three-times-weekly intervention frequency. (5) Exercise lasting between 8 to 30 weeks showed a positive intervention effect on mobile phone dependence, with the most effective intervention occurring around 12 weeks. (6) The following order reflected the effect of the intervention duration on children and adolescents' mobile phone dependence: 40-45 min, 20-30 min, ≥90 min, and 60 min. Conclusion (1) Children and teenagers with cell phone addictions can benefit from exercise in reducing their symptoms; (2) the content, intensity, period, frequency and duration of exercise all exert a varying degree of influence on the intervention effect of exercise on mobile phone dependence in children and adolescents. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, lasting for 40-45 min three times a week for a total of approximately 12 weeks, is more likely to achieve the desired intervention effect of improving mobile phone dependence in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yilin Ren
- College of Sports, Zhuhai Research Center for Women and Children’s Sports Culture, Jinan University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Pingting Zhu
- School of Nursing· School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yahui Yang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengshu Zhu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Li B, Zhou Y, Qian Y, Wu J. Impact of exercise on drug cravings: mediating role of cardiorespiratory fitness and inhibitory control. Front Psychol 2025; 16:1540648. [PMID: 40271371 PMCID: PMC12014659 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1540648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Contemporary research has consistently demonstrated a link between physical exercise, inhibition, and drug cravings, with several hypotheses proposed to explain how exercise enhances inhibition. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms underlying this effect. This study investigates the pivotal role of cardiorespiratory fitness in mediating the impact of physical exercise on inhibition and drug cravings. Methods In this study, the researchers selected participants who had completed physical detoxification in China's compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation centers. Moreover, we conducted surveys and assessed cardiorespiratory fitness using tools such as the Physical Exercise Rating Scale, Inhibition Scale, Drug Craving Scale, and Queen College Step Test. Additionally, we employed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation model (SEM) to analyze the study's data. Results and findings The findings of this study reveal that physical exercise significantly reduces drug craving by improving cardiorespiratory fitness and enhancing inhibition. Furthermore, it showed that men had better physical exercise levels, cardiorespiratory fitness, and inhibition compared to women, while women exhibited higher psychological cravings. Besides, the study also highlighted that longer years of drug use were associated with lower physical exercise, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, and weaker inhibition, leading to higher drug cravings. In addition, cardiorespiratory fitness and inhibition acted as mediators between physical exercise and drug craving, with the combination of both factors serving as a chain mediator in reducing cravings. These findings suggest that physical exercise, particularly through improving cardiorespiratory fitness, plays a key role in mitigating drug cravings and supporting rehabilitation efforts for drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Li
- School of Sport Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Yuehui Zhou
- School of Sport Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, China
| | - Youling Qian
- School of Physical Education, Hubei Minzu University, Hubei, Enshi, China
| | - Juhua Wu
- School of Sport, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
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Castejón E, Ambrosio E, Pellón R, Torres C. Alcohol consumption and preference in female rats induced by reward downshift reveals sex generality of the modulatory role of physical activity. Behav Pharmacol 2025; 36:144-155. [PMID: 39601680 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Increased voluntary consumption of alcohol has been demonstrated in male rats exposed to frustrative reward downshift (the emotional self-medication effect). Access to a wheel for voluntary running abolished this effect in male rats, suggesting an attenuating effect of physical exercise on the negative affect induced by reward downshift and its consequences on drug intake. The present study analyzed this effect in female rats. Sixty-four food-deprived female Wistar rats received 32% sucrose [4% (Experiment 1) or 2% (Experiment 2) in controls] during 10, 5-min preshift sessions followed by 4% (Experiment 1) or 2% (Experiment 2) sucrose during 5 postshift sessions. Immediately after each consummatory session, animals were exposed to a 2-h, two-bottle preference test involving 32% alcohol vs. water. Half of the animals also had access to a running wheel during the preference test. The results showed (a) lower sucrose consumption in the downshifted groups (32-4% and 32-2%) compared to the unshifted controls (4-4% and 2-2%, respectively); (b) higher alcohol preference in downshifted groups without access to a wheel compared with downshifted groups with access to the wheel (Experiments 1 and 2); and (c) increased alcohol intake (g/kg) after experiencing reward downshift in animals without access to the wheel (Experiment 1). Voluntary wheel running thus reduced alcohol intake in female rats experiencing reward downshift. These findings are comparable to previous results reported in male rats and support the usefulness of physical exercise to prevent alcohol self-medication induced by frustrative nonreward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid
| | | | - Carmen Torres
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Deng L, Yang R, Li B, Chu Z, Leng Y, Dang Y. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in morphine-addicted rodents under different exercise protocols: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2025; 26:92-102. [PMID: 39829043 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2024.2446838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise might restore morphine-induced behavioural and molecular changes, but related evidence is inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies to elucidate the contribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to exercise effects on morphine addiction. METHODS We searched papers published until May 25, 2024, in databases, manually searched related references, screened eligible studies, and extracted relevant data. The risk of bias was assessed using the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE)'s risk bias tool. Subsequently, we summarised study characteristics, reported risks of bias, and conducted a meta-analysis. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. RESULTS The meta-analysis showed that exercise increased BDNF levels in morphine-addicted male animals, regardless of the exercise type and intensity. Under morphine addiction, voluntary exercise (running wheel) affected BDNF levels in males, whilst forced exercise (treadmill exercise) did not. Furthermore, different exercise intensities did not affect BDNF levels in males. The sensitivity analysis determined that the results were robust. CONCLUSIONS Exercise increased BDNF levels in male but not in female animals. BDNF level changes might be related to the type of exercise but not its intensity. Therefore, BDNF might serve as a biomarker for the effects of different exercise types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Deng
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baijia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Chu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujia Leng
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yonghui Dang
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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5
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Wilson KF, Fox AE. Exercise recovers weight gain, but not increased impulsive choice, caused by a high-fat diet. Appetite 2024; 203:107668. [PMID: 39245366 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
A high-fat diet has negative effects on physical, neurological, and behavioral outcomes. One consistent finding is that a diet high in fat increases impulsive choice behavior-behavior that is linked to a wide range of other negative health behaviors. While the mechanism for this increase in impulsive choice is not well understood, exercise, with its well-known and many benefits, may serve as an effective and accessible way to combat increased impulsive choice associated with a high-fat diet. The goal of this work was to test this possibility. Rats were divided into four groups in a two-by-two factorial design: exercise and control diet, sedentary and control diet, exercise and high-fat diet, sedentary and high-fat diet. Rats in the exercise groups engaged in 30-min of forced, moderate intensity wheel-running exercise five days per week. Rats in the high-fat diet groups ate a diet high in fat. Impulsive choice was measured using a delay discounting task. Exercise prevented weight gain associated with the high-fat diet. Exercise also preserved relative motivation for food reinforcement. However, exercise did not prevent increases in impulsive choice observed for rats that consumed a high-fat diet relative to the rats that consumed the control diet. This work rules out several possible mechanisms by which a high-fat diet may increase impulsive choice behavior. It makes clear that exercise alone may not stave off increases in impulsive choice caused by a high-fat diet. Future work is necessary to uncover the underlying mechanism for this effect and discover interventions, perhaps ones that combine both physically and cognitively demanding activities, to improve health and behavior as it relates to decision making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan F Wilson
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, United States
| | - Adam E Fox
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, United States.
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Ahluwalia T, Xu X, Nelson A, Gujral I, Okafor J, Hubbard MR. A Narrative Review of Old and Emerging Treatment Modalities for Substance Use Disorders. Cureus 2024; 16:e75395. [PMID: 39781180 PMCID: PMC11709703 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.75395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) represent one of the leading causes of preventable death in the setting of overdose and comorbidities leading to mortality. A multi-database literature search limited to peer-reviewed articles within the last 10 years was conducted to compare treatment modalities used to treat SUDs. This literature review aims to provide a concise yet comprehensive summary of the various treatment modalities that exist to address these disorders in clinical practice. Healthcare professionals in multiple disciplines are encouraged to continue exploring the modalities outlined in this review to competently and holistically address the various factors that contribute to these disorders. This literature review also serves as an important reminder of the ongoing evolution and range of treatments for SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Ahluwalia
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, USA
| | - Xiwen Xu
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, USA
| | - Andrew Nelson
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, USA
| | - Ishan Gujral
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, USA
| | - Jasmine Okafor
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, USA
| | - Michael R Hubbard
- Osteopathic Medicine/Internal Medicine, A.T. Still University, Mesa, USA
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Samanta S, Bagchi D, Gold MS, Badgaiyan RD, Barh D, Blum K. A Complex Relationship Among the Circadian Rhythm, Reward Circuit and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:3485-3501. [PMID: 39411118 PMCID: PMC11479634 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s473310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The human brain not only controls the various physiological functions but is also the prime regulator of circadian rhythms, rewards, and behaviors. Environmental factors, professional stress, and social disintegration are regarded as the initial causative factors of addiction behavior. Shift work, artificial light exposure at night, and chronic and acute jet lag influence circadian rhythm dysfunction. The result is impaired neurotransmitter release, dysfunction of neural circuits, endocrine disturbance, and metabolic disorder, leading to advancement in substance use disorder. There is a bidirectional relationship between chronodisruption and addiction behavior. Circadian rhythm dysfunction, neuroadaptation in the reward circuits, and alteration in clock gene expression in the mesolimbic areas influence substance use disorder (SUD), and chronotherapy has potential benefits in the treatment strategies. This review explores the relationship among the circadian rhythm dysfunction, reward circuit, and SUD. The impact of chronotherapy on SUD has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721101, India
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA and Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Southern University, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, BeloHorizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
- Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, 721172, West Bengal, India
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Loránd University, Budapest, 1053, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Theodorakis Y, Hassandra M, Panagiotounis F. Enhancing Substance Use Disorder Recovery through Integrated Physical Activity and Behavioral Interventions: A Comprehensive Approach to Treatment and Prevention. Brain Sci 2024; 14:534. [PMID: 38928533 PMCID: PMC11201577 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The global issue of substance abuse demands ongoing initiatives aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. With drug use remaining prevalent worldwide, interventions are critical to addressing the associated health challenges and societal implications. Exercise and physical activities have emerged as integral components of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, offering promising avenues for prevention, intervention, and recovery. Recent research underscores the efficacy of exercise in reducing substance cravings, promoting abstinence, and improving overall well-being. However, integrating exercise into SUD recovery programs presents challenges such as dropout rates and cultural considerations. This paper synthesizes existing literature on exercise integration into SUD recovery, highlighting strategies for enhancing treatment outcomes and addressing barriers to exercise adherence. Drawing on cognitive-behavioral therapy, experiential learning, motivational interviewing, and goal-setting techniques, the holistic approach outlined in this paper aims to empower individuals both mentally and physically, fostering resilience and supporting long-term recovery. In conclusion, new initiatives need to be taken by advocating for inclusive policies, promoting community engagement, and fostering collaborations across sectors. By doing so, stakeholders can optimize the effectiveness of exercise programs and contribute to sustainable rehabilitation efforts for individuals with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Theodorakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Mary Hassandra
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece;
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Lauretani F, Giallauria F, Testa C, Zinni C, Lorenzi B, Zucchini I, Salvi M, Napoli R, Maggio MG. Dopamine Pharmacodynamics: New Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5293. [PMID: 38791331 PMCID: PMC11121567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter involved in physiological processes such as motor control, motivation, reward, cognitive function, and maternal and reproductive behaviors. Therefore, dysfunctions of the dopaminergic system are related to a plethora of human diseases. Dopamine, via different circuitries implicated in compulsive behavior, reward, and habit formation, also represents a key player in substance use disorder and the formation and perpetuation of mechanisms leading to addiction. Here, we propose dopamine as a model not only of neurotransmission but also of neuromodulation capable of modifying neuronal architecture. Abuse of substances like methamphetamine, cocaine, and alcohol and their consumption over time can induce changes in neuronal activities. These modifications lead to synaptic plasticity and finally to morphological and functional changes, starting from maladaptive neuro-modulation and ending in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Lauretani
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.Z.); (B.L.); (I.Z.); (M.S.); (M.G.M.)
- Cognitive and Motor Center, Medicine and Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department of Parma, University-Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Giallauria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Crescenzo Testa
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.Z.); (B.L.); (I.Z.); (M.S.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Claudia Zinni
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.Z.); (B.L.); (I.Z.); (M.S.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Beatrice Lorenzi
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.Z.); (B.L.); (I.Z.); (M.S.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Irene Zucchini
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.Z.); (B.L.); (I.Z.); (M.S.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Marco Salvi
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.Z.); (B.L.); (I.Z.); (M.S.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Raffaele Napoli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Marcello Giuseppe Maggio
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.Z.); (B.L.); (I.Z.); (M.S.); (M.G.M.)
- Cognitive and Motor Center, Medicine and Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department of Parma, University-Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Furulund E, Carlsen SEL, Druckrey-Fiskaaen KT, Madebo T, Fadnes LT, Lid TG. A qualitative study of experiences with physical activity among people receiving opioid agonist therapy. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2024; 19:26. [PMID: 38711108 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-024-00607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical or mental health comorbidities are common among people with substance use disorders undergoing opioid agonist therapy. As both a preventive and treatment strategy, exercise offers various health benefits for several conditions. Exercise interventions to people with substance use disorders receiving opioid agonist therapy are limited. This study aims to explore experiences with physical activity, perceived barriers, and facilitators among people receiving opioid agonist therapy. METHOD Fourteen qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals receiving opioid agonist therapy in outpatient clinics in Western Norway. RESULTS Most were males in the age range 30 to 60 years. Participants had diverse and long-term substance use histories, and most received buprenorphine-based opioid agonist therapy. The identified themes were (1) Physical limitations: Participants experienced health-related problems like breathing difficulties, pain, and reduced physical function. (2) Social dynamics: Social support was essential for participating in physical activities and many argued for group exercises, but some were concerned about the possibility of meeting persons influenced by substances in a group setting, fearing temptations to use substances. (3) Shift in focus: As participants felt the weight of the health burden, their preference for activities shifted from sports aiming for "adrenaline" to a health promoting focus. (4) COVID-19's impact on exercise: because of the pandemic, group activities were suspended, and participants described it as challenging to resume. (5) Implementation preferences in clinics: Not interfering with opioid medication routines was reported to be essential. CONCLUSION This study offers valuable insights for the development of customized exercise interventions aimed at enhancing the health and well-being of patients undergoing opioid agonist therapy. These findings underscore the significance of addressing social dynamics, overcoming physical limitations, and implementing a practical and effective exercise regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Furulund
- Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Bergen Addiction Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Siv-Elin Leirvåg Carlsen
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Bergen Addiction Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karl Trygve Druckrey-Fiskaaen
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Bergen Addiction Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tesfaye Madebo
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Bergen Addiction Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars T Fadnes
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Bergen Addiction Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torgeir Gilje Lid
- Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Psarianos A, Chryssanthopoulos C, Theocharis A, Paparrigopoulos T, Philippou A. Effects of a Two-Month Exercise Training Program on Concurrent Non-Opiate Substance Use in Opioid-Dependent Patients during Substitution Treatment. J Clin Med 2024; 13:941. [PMID: 38398255 PMCID: PMC10888880 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of a two-month exercise intervention on the concurrent non-opiate substance use (alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, and benzodiazepines) in opioid users during their medication treatment. METHODS Ninety opioid users (41 females) in methadone and buprenorphine medication treatment were randomly divided into four groups: (a) buprenorphine experimental (BEX; n = 26, aged 41.9 ± 6.1 yrs); (b) buprenorphine control (BCON; n = 25, aged 41.9 ± 5.6 yrs); (c) methadone experimental (MEX; n = 20, aged 46.7 ± 6.6 yrs); and (d) methadone control (MCON; n = 19, aged 46.1 ± 7.5 yrs). The experimental groups (BEX and MEX) followed an aerobic exercise training program on a treadmill for 20 min at 70% HRmax, 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics, as well as non-opioid drug use in days and quantity per week, were assessed before and after the intervention period. RESULTS Following the exercise training, the weekly non-opioid substance consumption (days) decreased (p < 0.05) in both exercise groups and was lower in BEX compared to MEX, while no differences were observed (p > 0.05) between the control groups (BCON vs. MCON) or compared to their baseline levels. Similarly, the daily amount of non-opiate substance intake was reduced (p < 0.05) post-training in BEX and MEX, whereas it did not differ (p > 0.05) in BCON and MCON compared to the baseline. CONCLUSIONS The two-month exercise intervention reduced the non-opioid drug use in both the methadone and buprenorphine substitution groups compared to the controls, suggesting that aerobic exercise training may be an effective strategy for treating patients with OUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Psarianos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (T.P.)
- Greek Organization Against Drugs (OΚAΝA), 10433 Athens, Greece;
| | - Costas Chryssanthopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Thomas Paparrigopoulos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Gústafsson BJ, Puljević C, Davies EL, Barratt MJ, Ferris J, Winstock A, Piatkowski T. Sweating for Sobriety: Exploring the Relationship Between Exercise Engagement and Substance Use Disorders. J Psychoactive Drugs 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38299228 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2311143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite various interventions available for substance use disorders, relapse rates remain substantial and, therefore, alternative strategies for attenuating dependence are needed. This study examined the associations between exercise frequency, illicit substance use, and dependence severity among a large sample of people who use drugs. The study utilized data from the Global Drug Survey 2018 (N = 57,110) to investigate the relationship between exercise frequency, illicit substance use, and substance dependence severity. Binomial regressions were employed to examine the relationship between exercise and SDS scores for 9 drugs. Greater exercise frequency correlated with reduced severity of substance dependence for specific drugs: cannabis (χ2 = 14.75, p < .001), MDMA (χ2 = 4.73, p = .029), cocaine (χ2 = 8.37, p = .015), amphetamine powder (χ2 = 6.39, p = .041), and methamphetamine (χ2 = 15.17, p < .001). These findings suggest a potential link between exercise and reduced substance use dependency. Further research is needed to understand the complex dynamics between exercise and substance use, considering potential bidirectional relationships and concurrent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldur Jón Gústafsson
- School of Law, Department of Criminology and Sociology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma L Davies
- Centre for Psychological Research, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Monica J Barratt
- Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Ferris
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam Winstock
- South London and Maudsley NHS Trust/Kings College London, London, UK
- Global Drug Survey, London, UK
| | - Timothy Piatkowski
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia
- Griffith Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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13
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Barrera ED, Timken PD, Lee E, Persaud KRS, Goldstein H, Parasram DN, Vashisht A, Ranaldi R. Environmental enrichment facilitates electric barrier induced heroin abstinence after incubation of craving in male and female rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 244:109799. [PMID: 36774806 PMCID: PMC9982754 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment strategies that aim to promote abstinence to heroin use and reduce vulnerability to drug-use resumption are limited in sustainability and long-term efficacy. We have previously shown that environmental enrichment (EE), when implemented after drug self-administration, reduces drug-seeking and promotes abstinence to cocaine and heroin in male rats. Here, we tested the effects of EE on abstinence in an animal conflict model in males and females, and after periods where incubation of craving may occur. METHODS Male and female rats were trained to self-administer heroin followed by 3 or 21 days of a no-event-interval (NEI). Following NEI, rats were permanently moved to environmental enrichment (EE) or new standard (nEE) housing 3 days prior to resuming self-administration in the presence of an electric barrier adjacent to the drug access lever. Electric barrier current was increased daily until rats ceased self-administration. RESULTS We found that 21 days of NEI led to significantly greater heroin self-administration and a trend toward shorter latencies to emit the first active lever press in the first abstinence session compared to 3 days of NEI. EE, when compared to nEE, led to longer latencies in the first abstinence session. Also, EE groups of both sexes and in both NEIs achieved abstinence criteria in significantly fewer numbers of sessions. CONCLUSIONS EE facilitates abstinence in males and females and after periods where incubation of craving may occur. This suggests that EE may benefit individuals attempting to abstain from heroin use and may aid in the development of long term treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy D Barrera
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Patrick D Timken
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
| | - Elaine Lee
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
| | - Kirk R S Persaud
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
| | - Hindy Goldstein
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
| | - Daleya N Parasram
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
| | - Apoorva Vashisht
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Robert Ranaldi
- Psychology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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14
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Psarianos A, Chryssanthopoulos C, Paparrigopoulos T, Philippou A. The Role of Physical Exercise in Opioid Substitution Therapy: Mechanisms of Sequential Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4763. [PMID: 36902190 PMCID: PMC10003472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that chronic opioid use is associated with structural and functional changes in the human brain that lead to an enhancement of impulsive behavior for immediate satisfaction. Interestingly, in recent years, physical exercise interventions have been used as an adjunctive treatment for patients with opioid use disorders (OUDs). Indeed, exercise has positive effects on both the biological and psychosocial basis of addiction, modifying neural circuits such as the reward, inhibition, and stress systems, and thus causing behavioral changes. This review focuses on the possible mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on the treatment of OUDs, with emphasis placed on the description of a sequential consolidation of these mechanisms. Exercise is thought to act initially as a factor of internal activation and self-regulation and eventually as a factor of commitment. This approach suggests a sequential (temporal) consolidation of the functions of exercise in favor of gradual disengagement from addiction. Particularly, the sequence in which the exercise-induced mechanisms are consolidated follows the pattern of internal activation-self-regulation-commitment, eventually resulting in stimulation of the endocannabinoid and endogenous opioid systems. Additionally, this is accompanied by modification of molecular and behavioral aspects of opioid addiction. Overall, the neurobiological actions of exercise in combination with certain psychological mechanisms appear to promote its beneficial effects. Given the positive effects of exercise on both physical and mental health, exercise prescription is recommended as a complement to conventional therapy for patients on opioid maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Psarianos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Chryssanthopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Paparrigopoulos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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15
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Marrero-Cristobal G, Gelpi-Dominguez U, Morales-Silva R, Alvarado-Torres J, Perez-Torres J, Perez-Perez Y, Sepulveda-Orengo M. Aerobic exercise as a promising nonpharmacological therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1602-1642. [PMID: 34850988 PMCID: PMC9156662 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and public health impact of substance use disorders (SUDs), effective long-term treatments remain elusive. Aerobic exercise is a promising, nonpharmacological treatment currently under investigation as a strategy for preventing drug relapse. Aerobic exercise could be incorporated into the comprehensive treatment regimens for people with substance abuse disorders. Preclinical studies of SUD with animal models have shown that aerobic exercise diminishes drug-seeking behavior, which leads to relapse, in both male and female rats. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the effects of substance abuse-induced cellular and physiological adaptations believed to be responsible for drug-seeking behavior. Accordingly, the overall goal of this review is to provide a summary and an assessment of findings to date, highlighting evidence of the molecular and neurological effects of exercise on adaptations associated with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Gelpi-Dominguez
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Roberto Morales-Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - John Alvarado-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Joshua Perez-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Yobet Perez-Perez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Marian Sepulveda-Orengo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
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16
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Huston P. A Sedentary and Unhealthy Lifestyle Fuels Chronic Disease Progression by Changing Interstitial Cell Behaviour: A Network Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:904107. [PMID: 35874511 PMCID: PMC9304814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.904107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic lung disease and Alzheimer’s disease, account for a large proportion of health care spending, yet they remain in the top causes of premature mortality and are preventable. It is currently accepted that an unhealthy lifestyle fosters a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that is linked to chronic disease progression. Although this is known to be related to inflammatory cytokines, how an unhealthy lifestyle causes cytokine release and how that in turn leads to chronic disease progression are not well known. This article presents a theory that an unhealthy lifestyle fosters chronic disease by changing interstitial cell behavior and is supported by a six-level hierarchical network analysis. The top three networks include the macroenvironment, social and cultural factors, and lifestyle itself. The fourth network includes the immune, autonomic and neuroendocrine systems and how they interact with lifestyle factors and with each other. The fifth network identifies the effects these systems have on the microenvironment and two types of interstitial cells: macrophages and fibroblasts. Depending on their behaviour, these cells can either help maintain and restore normal function or foster chronic disease progression. When macrophages and fibroblasts dysregulate, it leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, fibrosis, and eventually damage to parenchymal (organ-specific) cells. The sixth network considers how macrophages change phenotype. Thus, a pathway is identified through this hierarchical network to reveal how external factors and lifestyle affect interstitial cell behaviour. This theory can be tested and it needs to be tested because, if correct, it has profound implications. Not only does this theory explain how chronic low-grade inflammation causes chronic disease progression, it also provides insight into salutogenesis, or the process by which health is maintained and restored. Understanding low-grade inflammation as a stalled healing process offers a new strategy for chronic disease management. Rather than treating each chronic disease separately by a focus on parenchymal pathology, a salutogenic strategy of optimizing interstitial health could prevent and mitigate multiple chronic diseases simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huston
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort (Research), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Patricia Huston, , orcid.org/0000-0002-2927-1176
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17
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Patterson MS, Spadine MN, Graves Boswell T, Prochnow T, Amo C, Francis AN, Russell AM, Heinrich KM. Exercise in the Treatment of Addiction: A Systematic Literature Review. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2022; 49:10901981221090155. [PMID: 35484950 DOI: 10.1177/10901981221090155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been recognized as a promising and emerging treatment for individuals recovering from addiction. The purpose of this article was to systematically review scientific studies using exercise as a means to improve, sustain, or treat addictions, and to provide suggestions for the future use of exercise as a treatment method for addiction. METHODS Using PRISMA guidelines, a database search was conducted for articles that tested the impact of exercise interventions on addiction-related outcomes. To be included, peer-reviewed experimental design studies had to use human subjects to investigate the relationship between exercise and the treatment of or recovery from addiction. Garrard's Matrix Method was used to extract data from reviewed articles (n = 53). RESULTS Nearly three quarters of the studies reviewed documented a significant change in addiction-related outcomes (e.g., more days abstinent, reduced cravings) in response to exercise exposure, particularly while someone was receiving treatment at an in or outpatient clinic. Many studies investigated the effect of acute bouts of exercise on nicotine dependence, and many studies had small sample sizes, leaving room for future research on how exercise might benefit people recovering from substance and process addictions. CONCLUSION Results affirm that exercise can be a helpful aspect of addiction treatment. Future researchers should investigate different exercise settings (e.g., group-based exercise vs individual) and explore exercise maintenance and the long-term outcomes following discharge from treatment facilities.
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18
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Vansteene C, Kaya Lefèvre H, Gorwood P. Time Devoted to Individual, Collective, and Two-Person Sports: Its Association with Risk of Exercise Addiction and Alcohol Use Disorder. Eur Addict Res 2022; 28:1-11. [PMID: 34510044 DOI: 10.1159/000515666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although sport activities have beneficial effects on health, excessive practice can lead to exercise addiction (EA), which can be associated with other addictive behaviors. However, results regarding the comorbidities between EA and alcohol use disorder (AUD) remain heterogeneous. This study aims to investigate the relationship between a proxy of AUD and different sport practices, more specifically focusing on EA. METHODS One thousand nine hundred eighty-five (N = 1,985) participants were recruited online and selected to represent the French adult population. Participants were asked to answer questions regarding sport activity, with the EA inventory questionnaire investigating EA, and alcohol consumption, with the CAGE questionnaire investigating a proxy of AUD (score ≥2). RESULTS AUD was associated with a higher risk of EA and with more time devoted to collective sports (such as football) and two-person sports (such as tennis). The risk of EA was higher for individual sports (such as running), and the risk of AUD seems to increase with the level of physical activity for collective sport but to decrease for individual sports. The type of sports partly but significantly mediated the relationship between AUD and EA. CONCLUSIONS Results support the hypothesis that different types of sport have different risks for EA (individual sports being more concerned) and AUD (collective sports being more concerned). Results suggest that the type of sports may be a crucial variable to understand how physical activity can be a risk factor for alcohol disorders. The social dimension of collective sports should be further investigated to facilitate preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Vansteene
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, Paris, France
| | - Héline Kaya Lefèvre
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, LPPS, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France
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19
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Menglu S, Suyong Y, Xiaoyan W, Schöllhorn WI, Dong Z. Cognitive effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for individuals with methamphetamine dependence: a study protocol for randomised controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:650. [PMID: 34556153 PMCID: PMC8460192 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive deficit is a common syndrome of methamphetamine (MA) dependence. It is related to decision-making, control ability, and social functioning. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a training technique that requires people to work out at full intensity during a short period. Many studies have already shown the potential effects of HIIT on cognitive functions. The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the cognitive effects of HIIT on individuals with MA dependence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 240 individuals with MA dependence will be randomly assigned to the HIIT group, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) group and control (CON) group. HIIT will consist of a 24-min HIIT exercise on a treadmill. MICT will consist of a 1-h body-mind exercise. CON will be their traditional intervention. The experimental period will be 12 months with 3 interventions weekly for the first 6 months and follow-up for the next 6 months. All subjects will be given cognitive tests at baseline, after intervention and at follow-up. Cognitive performances will be compared by a mixed-model analysis for repeated measures. DISCUSSION HIIT training may reduce illicit drug cravings amongst individuals with MA dependence; hence, HIIT may have a good effect on the cognitive functions, such as memory and executive function, of individuals with MA dependence. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000032492 . Registered on April 30, 2020 ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=52127&htm=4 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Menglu
- Wushu College, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Suyong
- School of Sport Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Xiaoyan
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Zhu Dong
- School of International Education, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China
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20
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Qi L, Yin Y, Bu L, Tang Z, Tang L, Dong G. Acute VR competitive cycling exercise enhanced cortical activations and brain functional network efficiency in MA-dependent individuals. Neurosci Lett 2021; 757:135969. [PMID: 34023411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (MA) dependence is associated with elevated rates cognitive impairment in MA users. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of virtual reality (VR) competitive cycling excise on the neurocognitive functions and on negative affectivity of MA-dependent individuals. METHODS Thirty MA-dependent individuals performed a colour-word Stroop task and underwent a profile of mood states (POMS) scale assessment both before and after a 10 min VR competitive cycling exercise. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were recorded during the pre-and post-exercise Stroop tasks and during rest. RESULTS After acute exercise, neural activity, along with improved Stroop performance, was enhanced significantly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Also observed during post-exercise Stroop tasks was a more efficient network architecture in the topological organization of brain networks than during the pre-exercise Stroop tasks. As for resting states before versus after exercisethe, we detected an increased functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex after exercise. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an acute bout of VR competitive cycling exercise facilitates executive information processing by enhancing task-related cortical activations and brain functional network efficiency in MA-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Yue Yin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lingguo Bu
- Joint SDU-NTU Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (C-FAIR), Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Zekun Tang
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center of Shandong Province, Zibo, 255311, China
| | - Guijun Dong
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China.
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21
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Zhu T, Tao W, Peng B, Su R, Wang D, Hu C, Chang YK. Effects of a Group-Based Aerobic Exercise Program on the Cognitive Functions and Emotions of Substance Use Disorder Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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22
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Malagodi BM, Greguol M, Carraro A, Cavazzotto TG, Serassuelo Junior H. Effects of a multimodal physical exercise program on physical and mental health indicators in males with substance use disorder. ABCS HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.7322/abcshs.2020073.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Substance use disorder (SUD) is seen as a serious and growing public safety and health problem worldwide. Long-term sequelae may involve permanent damage to physical fitness, body balance, and coordination skills, with a severe motor, functional, and emotional consequences. Objective: To verify the effect of 16 sessions of a multimodal physical exercise program on physical fitness, body balance, and internalized stigma of inpatients for the treatment of Substance use disorder. Methods: Forty-three males with Substance use disorder (aged 33.9 ±12.4 years) were divided into an Intervention Group (IG, n=21) and Control Group (CG, n=22). The IG was submitted to eight weeks of training with physical exercises. Participants were submitted to the evaluation of internalized stigma, body balance, agility, and flexibility, before and after the intervention period. Results: Positive results were observed in physical fitness (agility, p=0.001) and body balance variables (center of pressure path with closed eyes, p=0.050, and ellipse area with closed eyes, p=0.031). The time of substance use correlated with lower performance in agility and body balance tests. Conclusion: The data seem to support the potential benefit of physical exercise as an adjunct in Substance use disorder rehabilitation process, particularly for physical fitness and body balance variables.
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23
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Cardiorespiratory Fitness Predicts Higher Inhibitory Control in Patients With Substance Use Disorder. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2019-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Impaired inhibitory control has been shown in individuals with substance use disorder (SUD). Cardiorespiratory fitness has been described as a potential factor to improve inhibitory control; however, the benefits in individuals with SUD are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness with general and drug-specific inhibitory control in individuals with SUD. Sixty-two male participants under treatment for SUD performed a general and drug-specific inhibitory control test (go/no-go) and a cardiorespiratory fitness test. Cardiorespiratory fitness, age, and years of drug use were inversely associated with reaction time for both general and drug-specific inhibitory control. In addition, the regression models showed that cardiorespiratory fitness predicts general and drug-specific inhibitory control adjusted for age and time of drug use. However, cardiorespiratory fitness predicts equally both general and drug-specific inhibitory control. These findings suggest that increasing cardiorespiratory fitness could provide benefits in the inhibitory function of individuals with SUD.
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24
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Ellingsen MM, Johannesen SL, Martinsen EW, Dahl SR, Hallgren M. Effects of Acute Exercise on Drug Craving, Self-Esteem, Mood, and Affect in Adults with Polysubstance Use Disorder: Protocol for a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e18553. [PMID: 33048056 PMCID: PMC7592066 DOI: 10.2196/18553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Novel treatments for substance use disorders are needed. Acute bouts of exercise can improve mood states and craving in nonclinical populations. Exercise effects in those with polysubstance dependence are understudied; controlled trials are needed. Objective This protocol describes a clinical study examining the short-term psychological effects of 2 types of physical activity, soccer and circuit training, in patients with substance use disorders. Effects will be compared with a nonexercise control group. Specific aims are to investigate whether there are differences between the activities and the duration of changes. Methods This study is a short-term multicenter randomized control trial with a crossover design. Patients consecutively admitted to 4 inpatient treatment centers were invited to participate in 3 conditions, each lasting 45 minutes, within one week. The order of the conditions was randomized. There were a total of 5 assessments, taken at baseline, immediately before each condition, immediately after each condition, and 1, 2, and 4 hours postintervention, enabling patterns of change over time to be observed. Psychological effects were assessed with self-report questionnaires, which included scales for craving, state anxiety, positive and negative affect, self-esteem, and mood. Exercise intensity was assessed with the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale and a heart rate monitor (Polar M200; Polar Electro Ltd). Cortisol was assessed in saliva before and 4 hours after the intervention. Results A total of 39 patients were included in the study. Data collection was completed in 2019. Conclusions We anticipate larger improvements in the intervention groups than among controls, indicating positive psychological effects during and after exercise. The study will add clinically relevant information about the short-term psychological effects of exercise in the treatment of substance use disorders, using activities that are easily accessible in different clinical settings. Trial Registration German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00018869; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00018869 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/18553
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Mikkelsen Ellingsen
- Department for Inpatient Treatment of Substance Misuse, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sunniva Launes Johannesen
- Department for Inpatient Treatment of Substance Misuse, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sandra Rinne Dahl
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats Hallgren
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Dai CL, Chen CC, Richardson GB, Gordon HRD. Managing Substance Use Disorder through a Walking/Running Training Program. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 14:1178221820936681. [PMID: 32669848 PMCID: PMC7338724 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820936681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
While emerging studies have demonstrated the benefit of exercise in Substance Use Disorder (SUD) recovery outcomes, lack of motivation to engage in exercise has been indicated as one of many perceived barriers that contribute to low recruitment and adherence rates in SUD treatment. The current study aimed to explore participants' perceptions of attending a supervised exercise program (boot camp workouts, walking/running practice, and a race event) while in treatment for SUD. A total of 109 participants were recruited to a 14-week exercise training program and 61 chose to participate in, and completed, a race at the close of the program. Interviews were conducted during weeks 6 through 14 and data were examined using Thematic Analysis. Three main themes were identified: (1) pushing forward recovery through running, (2) gaining a sense of achievement by crossing the finish line, and (3) building a sense of belonging in the program. Implications for SUD recovery programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Dai
- Department of Teaching and Learning, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Ching-Chen Chen
- Department of Counselor Education, School Psychology, and Human Services, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | | | - Howard R D Gordon
- Department of Teaching and Learning, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
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26
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Henderson CE, Manning JM, Davis CM, Conroy DE, Van Horn ML, Henry K, Long T, Ryan L, Boland J, Yenne E, Schiafo M, Waldo J, Sze C. Daily physical activity and alcohol use among young adults. J Behav Med 2020; 43:365-376. [PMID: 32314136 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-020-00151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that physical activity and alcohol use are positively related among young adults. Two studies have examined daily relations, and results have shown conflicting findings. We examined relations between physical activity and alcohol use at both within- and between-individual levels and investigated moderators of the relation at both levels. 269 college students wore accelerometers to collect physical activity data over a 2-week period. At the end of each day, they indicated whether or not they drank alcohol. Multilevel logistic regression indicated neither within- nor between-subject relations were statistically significant. Positive affect, negative affect, and drinking motives moderated these relations at the between-subject level. Contrary to previous research, we did not observe a relation between physical activity and alcohol use at the daily level. Unique features of the current study suggest next steps for future research examining the perplexing PA-alcohol relation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Henderson
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA.
| | - John M Manning
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Cindy M Davis
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | | | | | - Kim Henry
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Tessa Long
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Lauren Ryan
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Jennifer Boland
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Elise Yenne
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Maddison Schiafo
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Jennifer Waldo
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Cody Sze
- Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
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Gür F, Can Gür G. Is Exercise a Useful Intervention in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Health Promot 2020; 34:520-537. [PMID: 32212949 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120913169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of exercise on individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) across multiple health outcomes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Search complete, Sport Discuss, and ERIC databases. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Interventional studies published between 2000 and 2018 focused on evaluating the effectiveness of exercise interventions in adults with AUD. DATA EXTRACTION This protocol was prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols standard and the Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies guidelines. DATA SYNTHESIS Physical activity levels/fitness [VO2 max (Oxygen Uptake) and HRmax (Maximum Heart Rate)], levels of depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, quality of life, and alcohol consumption (number of standard drinks consumed per day and per week). RESULTS The findings indicated that exercise significantly improved physical fitness as assessed by VO2 max (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.487, P < .05) and HRmax (SMD: 0.717, P < .05). Similarly, exercise significantly improved mental health as assessed by quality of life (SMD: 0.425, P < .05), but levels of depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, and alcohol consumption did not change significantly. Aerobic exercise alleviated depression and anxiety symptoms more than that of yoga and mixed types. Duration of exercise also had a similar effect on anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS Exercise can be an effective and persistent adjunctive treatment for individuals with AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Gür
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Pamukkale, Pamukkale, Turkey
| | - Ganime Can Gür
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Pamukkale, Pamukkale, Turkey
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Malagodi BM, Greguol M, Carraro A, Cavazzotto T, Pereira G, Serassuelo Junior H. Postural Control of People in treatment for substance use disorder. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Effectiveness of Prison-Based Exercise Training Programs: A Systematic Review. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:1196-1209. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: The promotion of physical activity among imprisoned people is a public health strategy that could help to improve the health status of this collective. This systematic review is aimed at reviewing the scientific evidence regarding the effects of exercise training programs performed by inmates.Methods: A systematic search for randomized controlled trials aimed at identifying the characteristics and effects of prison-based exercise training programs on imprisoned people was carried through MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus.Results: A total of 11 randomized controlled studies were selected, and the methodological quality of these was acceptable according to the Downs and Black scale. The proposed interventions were mainly based on the performance of aerobic or combined exercise training programs. Generally, the participants were healthy men who were imprisoned for at least 2 months and up to 15 years. Ten out of the 11 studies reported significant changes on physical and mental health–related variables, after the intervention took place.Conclusion: These findings suggest that prison-based exercise programs constitute a feasible and useful strategy for improving the physical and mental health status of prisoners.
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Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain difficult to treat, with relapse rates averaging 50% despite available treatment. There is a need for new and novel treatment for treating SUDs. The use of virtual reality (VR) shows promising results as a strategy to help patients with SUDs manage cravings, say no to substance use, reduce stress and anxiety, treat pain, learn life skills, exercise, and use as a substitute for substance use. In VR, patients use a head-mounted device to experience computer-generated 360° simulated environments. Studies have shown that VR activates some of the same areas of the brain that substances activate. The science and technology of VR is evolving, resulting in more affordability, but the price is likely still a barrier for most treatment providers and patients. In addition, applications used to treat SUDs were developed for use in research and are not currently available for public use. More rigorous studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of VR as a treatment for SUDs. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57(6), 15-19.].
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31
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Weinstock J, Petry NM, Pescatello LS, Henderson CE, Nelson CR. Randomized clinical trial of exercise for nontreatment seeking adults with alcohol use disorder. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 34:65-75. [PMID: 31424244 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) do not seek professional help despite its significant consequences upon the individual and society. Current interventions for nontreatment seeking individuals with AUD (e.g., screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment [SBIRT]) have limited efficacy and alternative nonstigmatizing approaches are needed. This randomized clinical trial examined the utility of exercise as an intervention for sedentary nontreatment seeking adults with AUD. Participants (N = 66) were randomized to receive (a) a 4-month YMCA gym membership only (MO) or (b) a 4-month YMCA gym membership plus a 16-week integrated motivational intervention for exercise consisting of motivational interviewing and contingency management (MI + CM). Participants in both study conditions significantly increased their exercise behavior compared to baseline, and the MI + CM participants exercised significantly more often and an overall larger volume of exercise than the MO participants (ds > 2.0). Significant reductions in drinking and alcohol-related consequences were noted over time but did not differ significantly by study condition and were not related to changes in exercise. Future interventions using exercise as an intervention for AUD may want to frame this type of intervention as "wellness," directly link the 2 behaviors, and compare this intervention to SBIRT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Nonoperative Management Prior to Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: An Investigation Into the Utilization and Content of Physical Therapy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019; 49:593-600. [PMID: 31092124 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2019.8581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a significant increase in surgeries for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome in recent years, but little is known about the use of physical therapy prior to surgery. OBJECTIVES To investigate the use of physical therapy prior to hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, by assessing the number of visits and use of exercise. A secondary objective was to evaluate whether comorbidities prior to surgery were associated with the use of physical therapy. METHODS In this retrospective observational cohort study, eligible participants between the ages of 18 and 50 years undergoing hip arthroscopy between 2004 and 2013 in the Military Health System were included. Patients were categorized based on whether they saw a physical therapist for their hip in the year prior to surgery. For physical therapy patients, dosing variables were identified, including total number of visits and visits that included an exercise therapy procedure code. RESULTS Of 1870 participants, 1106 (59.1%) did not see a physical therapist for their hip prior to surgery. For those who did, the median number of visits was 2. Only 220 (11.8%) had 6 or more unique visits with an exercise therapy procedure code. Exercise was coded in 43.4% to 63.0% of the total visits in each individual course of care (mean, 52.3%). There was an association between substance abuse and exercise utilization. No other comorbidities were associated with physical therapy or exercise therapy utilization. CONCLUSION Physical therapy was not commonly used before undergoing arthroscopic hip surgery by patients seeking care in the Military Health System. Further research is needed to understand the reasons for poor utilization and better define failed nonoperative management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapy, level 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(8):593-600. Epub 15 May 2019. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8581.
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33
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Mustafaoglu R, Demir R, Demirci AC, Yigit Z. Effects of core stabilization exercises on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and functional capacity in adolescents with substance use disorder: Randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54:1002-1011. [PMID: 31026384 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent substance abuse is a serious and growing problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of core stabilization exercises on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and functional capacity in adolescents with substance use disorder (SUD). METHODS This was a prospective randomized controlled trial. A total of 49 adolescent male patients with SUD were randomly assigned to either the exercise group (n = 25; mean age 16.6 years) or the control group (n = 24; mean age 16.7 years), for 6 weeks. All participants underwent a medical and behavioral therapy program 5 days a week for 6 weeks. The exercise group received five core stabilization exercises combined with deep breathing as a group training for 45 to 60 minutes, twice a week for 6 weeks, and the control group received recreational activities in addition to the usual care for 45 to 60 minutes, twice a week for 6 weeks. Spirometry, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and the 6-minute walk test were performed and measured at baseline and after training. RESULTS There were significant improvements in maximal inspiratory pressure (24.16 cm H2 O; P < 0.0001), maximal expiratory pressure (30.28 cm H2 O; P < 0.0001), forced vital capacity (5.80% predicted, P < 0.0001), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (7.34% predicted; P = 0.002), peak expiratory flow (13.32% predicted; P = 0.0003), forced expiratory flow 25%-75% (11.84% predicted; P = 0.027), and the 6-minute walking distance (65.84 m; P < 0.0001) in the exercise group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Core stabilization exercise can improve pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and functional capacity in adolescents with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Mustafaoglu
- Division of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rengin Demir
- Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ciftci Demirci
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr Mazhar Osman Mental and Neurological Diseases Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Yigit
- Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Leyro TM, Buckman JF, Bates ME. Theoretical implications and clinical support for heart rate variability biofeedback for substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 30:92-97. [PMID: 31055246 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback is an accessible, cost-effective intervention that has demonstrated clinical value for numerous physical and mental health conditions; however, research on HRV biofeedback in substance use disorders (SUD) is in its nascence. We argue that HRV biofeedback may be particularly beneficial as an adjunct treatment for SUD by targeting bodily systems that are known to be disrupted by chronic substance use and are not historically the focus of psychosocial or pharmacological SUD treatment approaches. In addition to advocating for HRV biofeedback applications in SUD, we identify several gaps within the existing experimental literature, and propose new studies that could accelerate understanding of how and for whom HRV biofeedback is most likely to promote positive behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Leyro
- Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Department of Psychology, Tillett Hall, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Jennifer F Buckman
- Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Department of Kinesiology and Health, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA; Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Marsha E Bates
- Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Department of Kinesiology and Health, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA; Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Center of Alcohol Studies, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA
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35
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Foster KT, Beltz AM. Advancing statistical analysis of ambulatory assessment data in the study of addictive behavior: A primer on three person-oriented techniques. Addict Behav 2018; 83:25-34. [PMID: 29548570 PMCID: PMC7460806 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ambulatory assessment (AA) methodologies have the potential to increase understanding and treatment of addictive behavior in seemingly unprecedented ways, due in part, to their emphasis on intensive repeated assessments of an individual's addictive behavior in context. But, many analytic techniques traditionally applied to AA data - techniques that average across people and time - do not fully leverage this potential. In an effort to take advantage of the individualized, temporal nature of AA data on addictive behavior, the current paper considers three underutilized person-oriented analytic techniques: multilevel modeling, p-technique, and group iterative multiple model estimation. After reviewing prevailing analytic techniques, each person-oriented technique is presented, AA data specifications are mentioned, an example analysis using generated data is provided, and advantages and limitations are discussed; the paper closes with a brief comparison across techniques. Increasing use of person-oriented techniques will substantially enhance inferences that can be drawn from AA data on addictive behavior and has implications for the development of individualized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriene M Beltz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, United States
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36
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Simonton AJ, Young CC, Brown RA. Physical Activity Preferences and Attitudes of Individuals With Substance Use Disorders: A Review of the Literature. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2018; 39:657-666. [PMID: 29505733 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2018.1429510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are prevalent in the United States and costly to society. SUDs contribute significantly to decreased quality of life and overdose deaths. Physical activity (PA) interventions may be one efficacious method to improve recovery and long-term abstinence from substance use; although PA interventions have resulted in positive physical and psychological outcomes, their adherence and attrition rates have been problematic. To address lack of adherence and high attrition rates, it is important to understand the preferences and attitudes for PA among patients in SUD treatment. We, therefore, conducted a literature review to examine preferences and attitudes for PA among adults with SUDs. Five articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings from this small sample of studies suggest that adults with SUDs are interested in PA. Walking, strength training, and cycling were the activities preferred most frequently. Participants said that they would like to engage in these activities either alone or with small groups and would prefer their exercise options to be located at facilities they already frequented, such as treatment clinics. Nurses are well positioned to assess patient preferences and attitudes and to enhance recovery efforts in this population. Further exploration of this population's unique preferences and attitudes regarding PA may lay the groundwork for efficacious PA interventions with improved adherence and attrition rates, which may lead to improved recovery outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Simonton
- a School of Nursing , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , USA
| | - Cara C Young
- a School of Nursing , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , USA
| | - Richard A Brown
- a School of Nursing , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , USA
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37
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Gulick D, Gamsby JJ. Racing the clock: The role of circadian rhythmicity in addiction across the lifespan. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:124-139. [PMID: 29551440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although potent effects of psychoactive drugs on circadian rhythms were first described over 30 years ago, research into the reciprocal relationship between the reward system and the circadian system - and the impact of this relationship on addiction - has only become a focus in the last decade. Nonetheless, great progress has been made in that short time toward understanding how drugs of abuse impact the molecular and physiological circadian clocks, as well as how disruption of normal circadian rhythm biology may contribute to addiction and ameliorate the efficacy of treatments for addiction. In particular, data have emerged demonstrating that disrupted circadian rhythms, such as those observed in shift workers and adolescents, increase susceptibility to addiction. Furthermore, circadian rhythms and addiction impact one another longitudinally - specifically from adolescence to the elderly. In this review, the current understanding of how the circadian clock interacts with substances of abuse within the context of age-dependent changes in rhythmicity, including the potential existence of a drug-sensitive clock, the correlation between chronotype and addiction vulnerability, and the importance of rhythmicity in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, is discussed. The primary focus is on alcohol addiction, as the preponderance of research is in this area, with references to other addictions as warranted. The implications of clock-drug interactions for the treatment of addiction will also be reviewed, and the potential of therapeutics that reset the circadian rhythm will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gulick
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Joshua J Gamsby
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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38
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Kim YJ, Roh D, Lee SK, Canan F, Potenza MN. Factors Statistically Predicting At-Risk/Problematic Internet Use in a Sample of Young Adolescent Boys and Girls in South Korea. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:351. [PMID: 30131728 PMCID: PMC6090057 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study aimed to investigate in a gender-sensitive manner factors related to at-risk/problematic Internet use (ARPIU) in a sample of young Korean adolescents. Given prior findings, we hypothesized we would observe specific temperamental, social and biological measures that would statistically predict ARPIU in boys and girls, respectively. Method: Subjects included 653 middle-school students from Chuncheon, Korea who completed measures assessing Internet addiction, mood, temperament, and social interactions. Finger digit (2D:4D) ratios were also assessed. Chi-square and logistic regression models were conducted. Results: Among boys and girls, the ARPIU and non-ARPIU groups showed differences in temperament, mood, social tendencies, and gaming behaviors. In boys, IAT correlated inversely with the 2D:4D digit ratio and novelty-seeking and positively with reward-dependence scores when controlling for BDI scores; these relationships were not found in girls. Multivariate analyses showed that among boys, novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, self-transcendence, and daily time spent gaming statistically predicted ARPIU. Among girls, daily time spent gaming, number of best friends, self-directedness, and cooperation statistically predicted ARPIU. Conclusion: ARPIU was linked to specific temperamental, behavioral and biological characteristics, with specific relationships observed in boys and girls. Specific risk factors may exist for boys and girls with respect to their propensities to developing ARPIU, suggesting the need for gender-sensitive approaches to prevent ARPIU in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon National Hospital, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Daeyoung Roh
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fatih Canan
- Department of Psychiatry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Neuroscience and Child Study, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA Columbia), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States.,The Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States
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Lynch WJ, Abel J, Robinson AM, Smith MA. Exercise as a Sex-Specific Treatment for Substance Use Disorder. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017; 4:467-481. [PMID: 29404264 PMCID: PMC5796660 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Exercise is a promising treatment for substance use disorder that may reduce withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. In this review, we discuss recent evidence from clinical and preclinical studies for its efficacy, from a behavioral to a molecular level, in order to understand the exercise conditions that lead to beneficial effects. We also highlight the few recent findings of sex-specific differences. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical and preclinical findings show that exercise decreases withdrawal symptoms, including craving, in both males and females. Evidence from clinical studies support the efficacy of exercise to prevent relapse to smoking, although further research is needed to examine sex differences, establish long-term efficacy, and to determine if effects extend to other substance use disorders. Preclinical findings also support the potential utility of exercise to prevent relapse with evidence suggesting that its efficacy is enhanced in males, and mediated by blocking drug-induced adaptations that occur during early abstinence. SUMMARY Sex differences and timing of exercise availability during abstinence should be considered in future studies examining exercise as an intervention for relapse. A better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the efficacy of exercise to reduce withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse is needed to guide its development as a sex-specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lynch
- Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences University of Virginia: P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904 434-243-0580 (phone); 434-973-7031 (fax)
| | - Jean Abel
- Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences University of Virginia; P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904-1402 434) 243-5767 (phone); 434-973-7031 (fax)
| | - Andrea M Robinson
- Postdoctoral Fellow of Psychology Davidson College: Box 7136 Davidson, NC 28035 704-894-3012 (phone); 704-894-2512 (fax)
| | - Mark A Smith
- Professor of Psychology Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035 704-894-2470 (phone); 704-894-2512 (fax)
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Rash CJ, Stitzer M, Weinstock J. Contingency Management: New Directions and Remaining Challenges for An Evidence-Based Intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 72:10-18. [PMID: 27746057 PMCID: PMC5154900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces the special issue on contingency management (CM), an efficacious intervention for the treatment of substance use disorders with low uptake in clinical settings that is not commensurate with evidence for efficacy. In this special issue of the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, we present 16 articles representing the latest research in efficacy, implementation, and technological advances related to CM. Combined, this collection of articles highlights the diverse populations, settings, and applications of CM in the treatment of substance use disorders. We conclude by highlighting directions for future research, particularly those that may increase CM's appeal and uptake in routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Rash
- Calhoun Cardiology Center - Behavioral Health, UConn Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue (MC 3944), Farmington, CT 06030-3944.
| | - Maxine Stitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Jeremiah Weinstock
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Boulevard, Morrissey Hall Rm 2735, St. Louis, MO 63108
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