• coronary angiography
• coronary slow flow
• diagnosis
• nomogram
• prediction

• Humans
• Calibration
• Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena
• Case-Control Studies
• Nomograms
• Retrospective Studies

• coronary slow flow
• long-term mortality
• outcomes
• stable angina pectoris

• Coronary slow flow
• electrophysiological balance index
• ventricular arrhythmogenesis

Biomass fuel (BMF) is still widely used in rural areas for cooking and heating worldwide. BMF smoke inhalation is a prominent cause of respiratory and cardiovascular disease. The slow coronary flow (SCF) phenomenon is known as the delayed opacification of distal coronary arteries on a coronary angiogram. SCF is known to be related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between exposure to BMF and SCF in women in this study.

A total of 457 consecutive women who underwent coronary angiography were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the use of BMF during their lives, from birth to older ages, as biomass exposure group (BEG) and non-exposure group. The presence of SCF was calculated based on thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count.

Two hundred fifty nine patients were in the BEG, whereas 198 patients were in the non-exposure group. The prevalence of SCF was higher in the BEG compared to the non-exposure group (47.9% vs. 13.1%, respectively, p<0.001). The presence of biomass exposure, body mass index, white blood cell count, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, serum creatinine, and hypertension were independent predictors of SCF. The optimal cutoff point of biomass exposure time in years to detect the presence of SCF was 30 years (Area under the curve: 0.71, sensitivity: 0.65, specifity: 0.71).

Exposure to indoor BMF was associated with a SCF phenomenon in women.

The coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is an angiographic finding characterized by delayed distal vessel opacification in the absence of significant epicardial coronary stenosis. Although it is well-known to interventional cardiologists for approximately four decades, the etiopathogenesis still remains unclear.

In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical, demographic, risk factor and angiographic profile of patients with CSFP.

Clinical, demographic, risk factor and angiographic profile were recorded in all consecutive patients who had undergone coronary angiography between September 2016 and March 2017 and showed features of CSFP and a control group who showed normal coronary flow (NCF). The CSFP was diagnosed on the basis of the corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count.

CSFP was significantly more prevalent in male patients. Among the traditional risk factors, there was significantly more prevalence of hypertension (31.25% versus 6.67%, p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (40% versus 7.5%, p < 0.001) and history of tobacco use (47.5% versus 10.0%, p < 0.001) in CSFP patients as compared to NCF patients. On multivariable regression analysis hypertension, dyslipidemia, history of smoking and tobacco chewing were found to have independent association with CSFP. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was the most common mode of presentation in CSFP patients.

CSFP was relatively common among patients who presented with ACS. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking and tobacco chewing can be considered independent risk factors for this phenomenon. Therefore, CSFP should be considered as a pathological entity and not an entirely benign condition.

• Coronary angiography
• Coronary slow flow phenomenon
• Corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count

• Coronary Angiography/methods
• Coronary Circulation/physiology
• Coronary Vessels/diagnostic imaging
• Coronary Vessels/physiopathology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Incidence
• India/epidemiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• No-Reflow Phenomenon/diagnosis
• No-Reflow Phenomenon/epidemiology
• No-Reflow Phenomenon/physiopathology
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Factors
• Survival Rate/trends

The relationship between increased mean platelet volume (MPV) and atherosclerosis is well known. In the present study, MPV in patients with coronary slow flow (CSF) and in cases with normal coronary anatomy (NCA) was investigated and compared with the aim of identifying the relationship between CSF and MPV.

We studied 40 patients previously determined via coronary angiography as having NCA and 40 patients with CSF in the coronary blood stream, as identified by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction square. Thus, a total of 80 patients from the Elaziğ Education and Research Hospital (Elaziğ, Turkey) were included in the present study retrospectively and laboratory and anamnesis information was scanned into their files. The relationship between MPV and CSF was studied.

MPV levels were observed to be significantly higher in the CSF group compared to the NCA group (10.05±1.3 and 8.6±0.6, p<0.001). In receiver operating characteristics analyses, it was determined that an MPV >9.05 measured in CSF patients at application had a predictive specificity of 77.5% and sensitivity of 77.5% for CSF (area under the curve: 0.825, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.726–0.924, p<0.0001). It was found that MPV level was an independent predictor of CSF (β=−600, p<0.001, 95% CI: −0.383 to −0.176).

MPV is increased in patients with CSF when compared to patients with NCA. This finding supports the fact that MPV could be a predictor of CSF.

• atherosclerosis
• coronary slow flow
• mean platelet volume

• Coronary Slow Flow
• Electrocardiography
• Ventricular Arrhythmia

• C-reactive protein
• coronary slow flow
• inflammation
• platelet to lymphocyte ratio

• Blood Cell Count
• Blood Platelets/metabolism
• Coronary Angiography
• Coronary Circulation/physiology
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Lymphocytes/metabolism
• Male
• Middle Aged
• No-Reflow Phenomenon/blood
• No-Reflow Phenomenon/diagnostic imaging
• No-Reflow Phenomenon/physiopathology
• Prognosis
• Retrospective Studies

The pathophysiology of slow coronary flow (SCF) involves atherosclerosis, small vessel dysfunction, platelet function disorders, and inflammation. It has been known that eosinophils also play a significant role in inflammation, vasoconstriction, thrombosis, and endothelial dysfunction. We propose to evaluate the relationship between eosinophilia and SCF.

All patients who underwent coronary angiography between January 2011 and December 2013 were screened retrospectively. Of 6,832 patients, 102 patients with SCF (66 males, mean age 52.2±11.7 years) and 77 control subjects with normal coronary angiography (50 males, mean age 50.7±8.1 years) were detected. Baseline characteristics, hematological test results, and biochemical test results were obtained from the hospital database.

Baseline characteristics of the study groups were comparable between groups. There was no significant difference between groups regarding leukocyte count, paletelet count, and mean platelet volume. However, patients with SCF had a higher eosinophil count than the controls (0.24±0.17×10³/μL vs 0.16±0.15×10³/μL, P=0.002). In addition, eosinophil count was found to be correlated with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count in the SCF group (r=0.3, P<0.01). There was no significant correlation between eosinophil count and the number of coronary arteries showing slow flow.

Patients with SCF have higher blood eosinophil count, and this may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SCF. Elevated baseline eosinophil count may indicate the presence of SCF.

• coronary angiography
• eosinophilia
• slow coronary flow

• Tp-e interval
• Tp-e/QT ratio
• Tp-e/QTc ratio
• coronary slow flow
• ventricular repolarization

Background and Objective: The coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is a coronary artery disease with a benign course, but its pathological mechanisms are not yet fully understood.The purpose of this controlled study was to investigate the cellular content of blood in patients diagnosed with CSFP and the relationship of this with coronary flow rates.

Methods: Selective coronary angiographies of 3368 patients were analyzed to assess Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count (TFC) values. Seventy eight of them had CSFP, and their demographic and laboratory findings were compared with 61 patients with normal coronary flow.

Results: Patients’ demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Mean corrected TFC (cTFC) values were significantly elevated in CSFP patients (p<0.001). Furthermore, hematocrit and hemoglobin values, and eosinophil and basophil counts of the CSFP patients were significantly elevated compared to the values obtained in the control group (p=0.005, p=0.047, p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). The increase observed in hematocrit and eosinophil levels showed significant correlations with increased TFC values (r=0.288 and r=0.217, respectively).

Conclusion: Significant changes have been observed in the cellular composition of blood in patients diagnosed with CSFP as compared to the patients with normal coronary blood flow. The increases in hematocrit levels and in the eosinophil and basophil counts may have direct or indirect effects on the rate of coronary blood flow.

• Basophil
• Coronary slow flow
• Eosinophil
• Hematocrit
• Hemoglobin

• glomerular filtration rate
• renal function
• slow coronary flow
• uric acid

• Adult
• Biomarkers/blood
• Case-Control Studies
• Collateral Circulation
• Coronary Angiography
• Coronary Artery Disease/blood
• Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis
• Coronary Artery Disease/etiology
• Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology
• Coronary Circulation
• Female
• Glomerular Filtration Rate
• Humans
• Kidney/physiopathology
• Logistic Models
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Multivariate Analysis
• Odds Ratio
• Renal Insufficiency/blood
• Renal Insufficiency/complications
• Renal Insufficiency/diagnosis
• Renal Insufficiency/physiopathology
• Risk Factors
• Severity of Illness Index
• Time Factors
• Uric Acid/blood

• Myasthenia gravis
• Myocardial infarction
• Pyridostigmine

• Adult
• Angina Pectoris/complications
• Angina Pectoris/etiology
• Angina Pectoris/physiopathology
• Coronary Angiography
• Coronary Circulation
• Coronary Vessels/physiopathology
• Exercise
• Humans
• Male
• Myocardial Ischemia/etiology

• Cocaine/adverse effects
• Coronary Disease/complications
• Humans
• Male
• Microcirculation
• Middle Aged
• Myocardial Infarction/chemically induced
• Myocardial Infarction/etiology
• Risk Factors

• Administration, Oral
• Antioxidants/administration & dosage
• Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage
• Blood Flow Velocity
• Coronary Circulation
• Coronary Disease/etiology
• Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
• Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
• Homocysteine/blood
• Homocysteine/metabolism
• Humans
• Hyperhomocysteinemia/metabolism
• Hyperhomocysteinemia/physiopathology
• Methionine/administration & dosage

• Acetylcholine/adverse effects
• Adult
• Cholinergic Agents/adverse effects
• Coronary Angiography
• Coronary Vasospasm/chemically induced
• Coronary Vasospasm/diagnostic imaging
• Coronary Vessels
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Humans
• Injections, Intra-Arterial
• Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic imaging
• Myocardial Infarction/etiology