• Apical aneurysm
• Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Midventricular obstruction and cavity obliteration
• Septal myectomy

• Humans
• Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/diagnosis
• Echocardiography/methods

• cardiovascular multimodality imaging
• pediatric cardiology
• pediatric cardiomyopathy

Heart failure (HF) is recognized as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common phenotype in patients presenting with HF. Timely diagnosis, appropriate identification of the underlying cause, individualized risk stratification, and prediction of clinical response to treatment have improved the prognosis of DCM over the last few decades. In this article, we reviewed the current evidence on available imaging techniques used for DCM patients. In this direction, we evaluated appropriate scenarios for the implementation of echocardiography, nuclear imaging, and cardiac computed tomography, and we focused on the primordial role that cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) holds in the diagnosis, prognosis, and tailoring of therapeutic options in this population of special clinical interest. We explored the predictive value of CMR toward left ventricular reverse remodeling and prediction of sudden cardiac death, thus guiding the decisions for device therapy. Principles underpinning the use of state-of-the-art CMR techniques such as parametric mapping and feature-tracking strain analysis are also provided, along with expectations for the anticipated future advances in this field. We also attempted to correlate the evidence with clinical practice, with the intent to address questions on selecting the optimal imaging method for different indications and clinical needs. Overall, we recommend a comprehensive assessment of DCM patients at baseline and at follow-up intervals depending on the clinical status, with the addition of CMR as a second-line modality to other imaging techniques. We also provide an algorithm to guide the detailed imaging approach of the patient with DCM. We expect that future guidelines will upgrade their clinical recommendations for the utilization of CMR in DCM, which is expected to further improve the quality of care and the outcomes. This review provides an up-to-date perspective on the imaging of dilated cardiomyopathy patients and will be of clinical value to training doctors and physicians involved in the area of heart failure.

• cardiac imaging
• cardiac magnetic resonance
• dilated cardiomyopathy
• heart failure
• non-ischemic cardiomyopathy
• sudden cardiac death

• Anatomy
• Heart
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional

• Cardiac computed tomography
• Cardiac magnetic resonance
• Cardiac nuclear imaging
• Echocardiography
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Multimodality imaging

• Cardiac Imaging Techniques/methods
• Cardiac Imaging Techniques/standards
• Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/diagnosis
• Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/therapy
• Consensus
• Echocardiography, Doppler/methods
• Echocardiography, Doppler/standards
• Europe
• Female
• Humans
• Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine/methods
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine/standards
• Male
• Multimodal Imaging/methods
• Multimodal Imaging/standards
• Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
• Positron-Emission Tomography/standards
• Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards
• Role
• Saudi Arabia
• Societies, Medical/standards
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed/standards

• Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Cardiac magnetic resonance
• Imaging techniques
• Multidetector computed tomography
• Transthoracic echocardiography

• Cardiomyopathies
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Echocardiography
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Tomography, X-ray computed

Cardiac MDCT is here to stay. And, it is more than just imaging coronary arteries. Understanding the differences in and the benefits of one CT scanner from another will help you to optimize the capabilities of the scanner, but requires a basic understanding of the MDCT imaging physics.

This review provides key information needed to understand the differences in the types of MDCT scanners, from 64 – 320 detectors, flat panels, single and dual source configurations, step and shoot prospective and retrospective gating, and how each factor influences radiation dose, spatial and temporal resolution, and image noise.

• Cardiac CT
• coronary artery MDCT
• dual source CT.
• multidetector CT

There are many disorders that may involve the left ventricular (LV) apex; however, they are sometimes difficult to differentiate. In this setting cardiac imaging methods can provide the clue to obtaining the diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the spectrum of diseases that most frequently affect the apex of the LV including Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy, LV aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms, apical diverticula, apical ventricular remodelling, apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, LV non-compaction, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with LV involvement and LV false tendons, with an emphasis on the diagnostic criteria and imaging features.