• AMD
• DR
• biomarkers
• glaucoma
• metabolic pathways
• metabolomics
• myopia

• Cohort
• Neurodegeneration
• Nutrition
• Retina
• Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)
• Vitamins

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Aged
• Prospective Studies
• Vitamins/blood
• Tomography, Optical Coherence
• Retinal Degeneration/blood
• France
• Nerve Fibers/pathology
• Retina/pathology
• Aged, 80 and over
• Vitamin E/blood

• cardiovascular disease
• cerebrovascular disease
• glaucoma
• homocysteine
• loxl-1 gene
• manifestations
• pseudoexfoliative material

• DNA methylation
• Glaucoma
• Pseudoexfoliation
• SNPs
• microRNAs

• Humans
• Exfoliation Syndrome/genetics
• Exfoliation Syndrome/metabolism
• Exfoliation Syndrome/pathology
• Genome-Wide Association Study
• Glaucoma/genetics
• Risk Factors
• Epigenesis, Genetic

• aqueous humor
• exfoliation glaucoma
• glaucoma
• homocysteine
• primary open-angle glaucoma

• R01EY023242 NIH HHS

• Amino acids
• Blood plasma
• COVID-19
• Cancers
• Cardiovascular risk
• Cellular senescence
• Coronary artery disease
• DNA methylation
• Diagnostic and treatment targets
• Dietary habits
• Endothelial dysfunction
• Epigenetics
• Eye disorder
• Folate
• Genetics
• Health policy
• Health risk assessment
• Homocysteine
• Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)
• Impaired healing
• Inflammation
• Ischemic stroke
• Metabolism
• Mitochondrial impairment
• Molecular pathways
• Neurological disorders
• Nutrition
• Oxidative stress
• Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (PPPM/3PM)
• Pregnancy complications
• Primary, secondary, and tertiary care
• Prognosis
• Proteins
• Remethylation
• Systemic effects
• Transsulfuration
• Vitamin B6 and B12

• Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn (1040)

• Cataract
• Egypt
• Exfoliation syndrome
• Prevalence

• biomarkers
• blood serum
• early diagnosis
• eye tissues
• glaucoma
• metabolomics
• ocular fluids
• omics sciences
• proteomics

• Cátedra Rafael del Pino en Oftalmología Fundación Rafael del Pino
• IDE/2019/000289 Gobierno del Principado de Asturias

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) is an age-related condition, characterized by deposition of whitish flake-shaped materials in the anterior segment of the eye. Although it occurs all over the world, a considerable racial variation exists. According to the high frequency of PXF in Iran and the importance of prevention and early treatment, we evaluated the plasma level of iron, zinc, copper, and magnesium in patients with PXF.

In this study, 83 individuals were enrolled; 40 patients with cataract and PXF as the case group and 43 age- and sex-matched individuals with cataract but without PXF as the control group. The serum levels of the mentioned microelements were compared in two groups.

In the case group, 25 (62.5%) male and 15 (37.5%) female subjects participated. In the control group, the corresponding figures were 22 (51.2%) and 21 (48.8%), respectively. The mean age of the case group was 66.07 ± 9.46 and that for the control group was 66.88 ± 8.04 years. Regarding the case group, the serum levels of iron, zinc, copper, and magnesium were 60.58 ± 21.04, 84.7 ± 14.37, 120.23 ± 14.43, and 2.11 ± 0.23, respectively. These serum levels in the control group were 89.07 ± 26.06, 97.51 ± 17.42, 123.33 ± 19.01, and 2.14 ± 0.16. The serum levels of iron and zinc were significantly lower in the case group than the control group (P< 0.0001); however, such a difference was not observed in terms of copper and magnesium serum levels.

Our study demonstrated that the serum iron and zinc levels were lower in PXF patients. Nutritional deficiency may be a cause of zonular weakness in these patients. Heme is a cofactor for the enzyme which contributes to the biosynthesis of fibrillin, the major protein in zonular fibers. Therefore, iron can play a substantial role in the biosynthesis of the fibrils and also in the zonular stability.

• Trace Element
• Zonular Stability
• Pseudoexfoliation

• Anterior chamber depth
• Homocysteine
• Pseudoexfoliation
• Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, which may also be associated with retinal vascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and glaucoma. For this study, we established a hyperhomocysteinemia animal model to explore homocysteine (hcy)-related choroidal angiogenesis and possible related factors. We injected Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with different concentrations of hcy and performed color fundus imaging, fluorescein angiography, image-guided optical coherence tomography, and retinal histology to observe the retinal and choroidal changes. Subsequently, we observed prominent choroidal vasculature with congested and tortuous retinal and choroidal vessels in fundus angiographies of the hyperhomocysteinemia animal model. In the histological study, the choroidal capillaries proliferated in the hcy-treated eyes, mimicking choroidal neovascularization. Disrupted retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), abnormal branching vascular network (BVN), and polyp-like structures were also observed in the hcy-treated eyes. Furthermore, we found that placental growth factor (PlGF), but not vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), was the key mediating factor of this phenomenon. Our findings suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia might cause choroidal angiogenesis.

• caffeine
• cataract
• eye
• glaucoma
• intraocular pressure

• Elastin
• Homocysteine
• Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
• aqueous humour
• glaucoma

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has the highest mortality rate in all strokes. However, controversy still exists concerning the association between plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and ICH. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science up to April 18, 2017. Standard mean difference (SMD) for mean differences of plasma Hcy levels with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. Seven studies including 667 ICH patients and 1821 ischemic stroke patients were identified for meta-analysis. Our results showed that Hcy levels in ICH patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (SMD = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.51–0.68, P < 0.001); no statistic differences were found in the comparisons of Hcy levels between ICH and ischemic stroke (SMD = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.13–0.06, P > 0.05); further subgroup analysis of ethnicity (Asians: SMD = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.48–0.66, P < 0.001; Caucasians: SMD = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.51–1.02, P < 0.001) and sample size (small samples: SMD = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.30–0.80, P < 0.001; large samples size: SMD = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.51–0.69, P < 0.001) in relation to Hcy levels between ICH and healthy controls did not change these results. In conclusion, Hcy level may be an aggravating factor in atherosclerosis, which is positively associated with high risk of ICH. Race-specific differences between Asians and Caucasians have no impact on the risk of ICH.

Although vitamins play a major role in health, and their deficiency may be linked to symptoms of optic-nerve dysfunction, the association between serum vitamin levels and glaucoma in humans remains controversial. In this study, articles in the PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched up to 25March 2017. Nine studies on primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), four studies on normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and six studies on exfoliative glaucoma (EXG) were retrieved. The combined results showed no differences in the levels of serum vitamin B₆ between POAG (p = 0.406) and EXG (p = 0.139) patients and controls. The weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 2.792 ng/mL (−3.793 to 9.377) and 1.342 ng/mL (−3.120 to 0.436), respectively. There was no difference between POAG (p = 0.952), NTG (p = 0.757), or EXG (p = 0.064) patients and controls in terms of serum vitamin B₁₂. The WMDs with 95% CIs were 0.933 pg/mL (−31.116 to 29.249), 6.652 pg/mL (−35.473 to 48.777), and 49.946 pg/mL (−102.892 to 3.001), respectively. The serum vitamin D levels exhibited no differences (p = 0.064) between POAG patients and controls; the WMD with 95% CI was 2.488 ng/mL (−5.120 to 0.145). In conclusion, there was no association found between serum vitamin B₆, vitamin B₁₂, or vitamin D levels and the different types of glaucoma.

• glaucoma
• meta-analysis
• vitamin B12
• vitamin B6
• vitamin D

• Glaucoma/blood
• Glaucoma, Open-Angle/blood
• Humans
• Sensitivity and Specificity
• Vitamin B 12/blood
• Vitamin B 6/blood
• Vitamin D/blood

• Electroneuromyography
• Median nerve
• Peripheral nerve
• Polyneuropathy
• Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
• Sensory nerve
• Sural nerve
• Sympathetic skin response

• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Case-Control Studies
• Electromyography
• Exfoliation Syndrome/physiopathology
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Motor Neurons/physiology
• Neural Conduction/physiology
• Peripheral Nervous System/physiopathology
• Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology
• Sympathetic Nervous System/physiopathology

• CACNA1A
• Exfoliation syndrome
• GWAS
• Gene-environment interaction
• Glaucoma
• Homocysteine
• LOXL1
• Pseudoexfoliation
• TGF-β1

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a critical enzyme in folate metabolism is involved in DNA synthesis, DNA repair and DNA methylation. The functional polymorphism of MTHFR gene, C677T has been shown to impact various diseases and implicated as a risk factor for the development of various neurodegenerative disorders including glaucoma.

We investigated MTHFR C677T genotypes and alleles frequencies in primary glaucoma [primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG)] patients and matched healthy controls in a case-control study. Two hundred ten primary glaucoma cases were studied for MTHFR C677T polymorphism and compared with 280 controls taken from the healthy population, employing the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (PCR-RFLP). The MTHFR gene was amplified using specific primers. The PCR products (294 bp) was subsequently digested with HinfI (New England Biolabs) at 37 °C for 12 h, separated by electrophoresis on 2 % agarose gels, and visualized with ethidium bromide staining. The restriction digestion yielded 168 and 126 bp fragments for TT, 294, 168 and 126 bp fragments for CT and undigested PCR product 294 bp indicating CC genotype.

We found the frequency of the genotypes and alleles of MTHFR C677T differ significantly between cases and controls. The frequencies of allele T and genotype CT were significantly higher while the frequencies of allele C and genotype CC were lower in primary glaucoma patients as compared to controls (p <0.05). Upon stratification of our results into POAG and PACG, significantly higher frequencies of allele T (19.44 %) and genotype CT (38.89 %) were found in POAG patients compared to controls (12.5 % and 25 % respectively). The frequencies of alleles and genotypes were almost similar in PACG and controls (p = 0.8).

This study indicates that the allele T and genotype CT of MTHFR C677T polymorphism are significantly associated with POAG while allele C and CC genotype may be protective for it. We conclude that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism increases the risk for POAG development in Saudi population and can be a genetic marker however, further studies are needed with multiple-ethnic populations affected with POAG to strengthen these findings.

• Genetics
• Genotyping
• Glaucoma
• MTHFR
• Polymorphism
• Saudi

• Adolescent
• Causality
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Comorbidity
• Female
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
• Glaucoma/diagnosis
• Glaucoma/epidemiology
• Glaucoma/therapy
• Humans
• Incidence
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn
• Rare Diseases/diagnosis
• Rare Diseases/epidemiology
• Rare Diseases/therapy
• Risk Assessment

• glaucoma
• homocysteine
• polymorphisms

Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is a well-recognized late-onset disease caused by a generalized fibrillopathy. It is linked to a broad spectrum of ocular complications including glaucoma and perioperative problems during cataract surgery. Apart from the long-known intraocular manifestations, PEX deposits have been found in a variety of extraocular locations and they appear to represent a systemic process associated with increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity. However, as published results are inconsistent, the clinical significance of the extraocular PEX deposits remains controversial. Identification of PEX deposits in the heart and the vessel wall, epidemiologic studies, as well as, similarities in pathogenetic mechanisms have led to the hypothesis of a possible relation between fibrillar material and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest that PEX syndrome is frequently linked to impaired heart and blood vessels function. Systemic and ocular blood flow changes, altered parasympathetic vascular control and baroreflex sensitivity, increased vascular resistance and decreased blood flow velocity, arterial endothelial dysfunction, high levels of plasma homocysteine and arterial hypertension have all been demonstrated in PEX subjects. Common features in the pathogenesis of both atherosclerosis and PEX, like oxidative stress and inflammation and a possible higher frequency of abdominal aorta aneurysm in PEX patients, could imply that these grey-white deposits and cardiovascular disorders are related or reflect different manifestations of the same process.

• Pseudoexfoliation
• Cardiovascular disease
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Coronary artery disease
• Homocysteine

Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of exfoliation syndrome in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey and to evaluate its relationship with cardiovascular and ocular diseases. Methods. Patients over the age of 45 years who presented to the clinic were included in the study. All cases underwent a comprehensive ophthalmology examination. Exfoliation syndrome was diagnosed with the presence of exfoliative material on the lens anterior capsule or iris on slit lamp examination. The patients were divided into two groups as the exfoliation syndrome group and nonexfoliation syndrome group according to the presence of exfoliative material. Results. Exfoliative material was found in one or both eyes of 212 of the 2103 patients (10.1%) evaluated within the scope of the study. A significant relationship was found between exfoliation syndrome and increasing age and male gender. A significant relationship was found between exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and phacodonesis. While no relationship was found between exfoliation syndrome and hypertension or diabetes mellitus, a significant relationship was found with coronary artery disease. Conclusion. The unilateral or bilateral exfoliation syndrome frequency was 10.1% in this hospital-based study. A statistically significant relationship was found between exfoliation syndrome and advancing age, gender, and coronary artery disease.

• Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/genetics
• Exfoliation Syndrome/complications
• Exfoliation Syndrome/diagnosis
• Exfoliation Syndrome/genetics
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease
• Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/complications
• Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/etiology
• Humans
• Vascular Diseases/complications

• Cardiovascular
• Coronary disease
• Pseudoexfoliation syndrome