Device-associated infection rates, mortality, length of stay and bacterial resistance in intensive care units in Ecuador: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium’s findings

Table 1 Pooled means of the distribution of crude mortality, crude excess mortality, length of stay, and crude excess length of stay, of adult intensive care unit patients with and without device-associated healthcare-acquired infection

Patients	Patients, n	Deaths, n	Pooled crude mortality, %	Pooled crude excess mortality, % (95%CI)	LOS, total days	Pooled average, LOS (d)	Pooled average, excess LOS (d) (95%CI)
Without DA-HAI	678	107	15.80	-	3579	5.3
With CLABSI	15	7	46.70	30.9 (8.1-54.7)	190	12.7	7.4 (5.8-9.2)
With CAUTI	12	4	33.30	17.6 (-3.2-46.4)	174	14.5	9.2 (7.3-11.4)
With VAP	43	13	30.20	14.5 (4.1-27.4)	434	10.1	4.8 (4.1-5.7)

DA-HAI: Device-associated healthcare-acquired infection; CLABSI: Central line-associated bloodstream infection; VAP: Ventilator-associated pneumonia; CAUTI: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection; LOS: Length of stay.

Table 2 Benchmarking of device-associated healthcare-acquired infection rates, device utilization and antimicrobial resistance in this report against the report of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (2007-2012) and the reports of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Healthcare Safety Network data (2013 and 2009-2010)

	This report	INICC report (2007-2012)[26]	United States CDC/NHSN report (2013)[6]/2009-2010[27]
	95%CI	95%CI
Medical/surgical ICU
Central line, DUR	1.24 (1.21-1.27)	0.54 (0.54-0.54)	0.37
CLABSI rate	6.5 (4.6-8.9)	4.9 (4.8-5.1)	0.8
Mechanical ventilator, DUR	0.32 (0.31-0.34)	0.36 (0.36-0.36)	0.24
VAP rate	44.3 (34.4-56.0)	16.5 (16.1-16.8)	1.1
Urinary catheter, DUR	0.77 (0.74-0.79)	0.62 (0.62-0.62)	0.54
CAUTI rate	5.7 (3.5-8.7)	5.3 (5.2-5.8)	1.3
Antimicrobial resistance % (n)
Pathogen, antimicrobial	CLABSI (n)	CLABSI	CLABSI
Staphylococcus aureus
Oxacillin	60% (5)	61.20%	54.60%
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Ciprofloxacin	71.4% (7)	37.50%	30.50%
Piperacillin or piperacillin-tazobactam	100% (5)	33.50%	17.40%
Amikacin	71.4% (7)	42.80%	10.00%
Imipenem or meropenem	71.4% (7)	42.40%	26.10%
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Ceftriaxone or ceftazidime	60% (5)	71.20%	28.80%
Imipenem or meropenem	20% (5)	19.60%	12.80%
Acinetobacter baumanii
Imipenem or meropenem	100% (2)	66.30%	62.60%

ICU: Intensive care unit; CLABSI: Central line-associated bloodstream infection; VAP: Ventilator-associated pneumonia; CAUTI: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection; DUR: Device use ratio; CI: Confidence interval; INICC: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium; United States CDC/NSHN: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Healthcare Safety Network of the United States.