Understanding the function of the tumor microenvironment, and compounds from marine organisms for breast cancer therapy

Table 3 Marine compounds with potential anticancer activity from marine fishes and invertebrates against breast cancer

Marine compound	Chemical nature	Mechanism of action	Ref.
n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid	Fatty acids	Decreased the risk of BC	Moghtaderi et al[74]
EPA, DHA, n-3 fatty acids	Fatty acids	(1) Decreased the risk of BC; and (2) Inhibited growth BC cells	Resmi et al[104] and Mohamed et al[105]
K092A and K092B	Peptides	Induced apoptosis by altering the cytoskeleton via targeting actin and tubulin and halting cell cycle at the G2M and decreasing mitochondrial activity	Resmi et al[104] and Mohamed et al[105]
Tetrahydro-isoquinoline	Alkaloid	(1) Induced death receptor-mediated apoptosis by increasing the expression of TRAIL-R1, -R2, Fas, TNF RI, and FADD; and (2) Induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis by decreasing the of Bcl2 and Bcl-XL expression and increasing the Bax, Bad, cytochrome C and caspase 3 expression via increasing the ROS generation	Chen et al[75]

BC: Breast cancer; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; TRAIL: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; FADD: Fas-associated protein with death domain; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.