Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids: A guide for complications

Table 1 Case reports of liver abscesses due to rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids

Age (yr)	Sex	Bacteria	Comorbilities	No.	Treatment	Outcome	Ref.
58	Male	Klebsiella aerogenes	Diabetes	Multiple	Antibiotics, drainage	Resolution	[20]
58	Male	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Previous pulmonary tuberculosis	Multiple	Antibiotics, drainage, right hepatectomy	Resolution	[46]
40	Male	Citrobacter freundii		Single	Antibiotics, drainage	Resolution	[47]
64	Male	Fusobacterium necrophorum	Asthma	Multiple	Antibiotics, drainage	Resolution	[48]
49	Male	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, stroke, previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis	Multiple	Antibiotics	Resolution	[49]
61	Female	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Peptic ulcer, dyslipidemia	Multiple	Antibiotics, drainage	Resolution	[50]

Table 2 Deaths related to rubber band ligation

Age (yr)	Sex	Comorbilities	Time until symptom onset (d)	Symptoms	Bacteria	Ref.
38	Male	None	4	Pain, urinary retention	None	[32]
54	Male	None	10	Vomiting, urinary retention, fever	None	[32]
34	Male	None		Pain, urinary retention, fever	Enterobacteriaceae (abdomen fluid) Escherichia coli (retroperitoneum and blood)	[32]
37	Male	None	5	Pain, urinary retention	Escherichia coli (urine and rectal cultures)	[32]
73	Male	Not described	3	Pain, fever, urinary retention,	None	[38]
27	Male	Schizophrenia	4	Fever, pain, difficulty passing urine	Clostridia perfingens, Clostridia sporogenes, Bacteroids (pelvic muscles), Escherichia coli (rectal cultures)	[54]
68	Female	None	7	Anal pain, difficulty passing urine, vomiting	Enterococcus (perianal fluid)	[55]