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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Jun 27, 2025; 17(6): 106276
Published online Jun 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i6.106276
Published online Jun 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i6.106276
Table 1 Patient demographics and basic characteristics
| Characteristic | Infection group (n = 20) | Non-infection group (n = 57) | P value |
| Mean age (years) | 62.3 ± 8.7 | 57.2 ± 9.1 | < 0.05 |
| Gender distribution | > 0.05 | ||
| Male (%) | 75% (15/20) | 70.2% (40/57) | |
| Female (%) | 25% (5/20) | 29.8% (17/57) | |
| Smoking status (%) | |||
| Current smoker | 30% (6/20) | 25% (14/57) | > 0.05 |
| Former smoker | 40% (8/20) | 35% (20/57) | |
| Never smoker | 30% (6/20) | 40% (23/57) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.5 ± 15.2 | 125.3 ± 14.1 | > 0.05 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.2 ± 10.5 | 78.5 ± 9.8 | > 0.05 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 40% (8/20) | 35% (20/57) | > 0.05 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.3 ± 35.4 | 195.2 ± 32.1 | > 0.05 |
Table 2 Liver function and clinical status
| Characteristic | Infection group (n = 20) | Non-infection group (n = 57) | P value |
| Child-Pugh grade (%) | < 0.05 | ||
| Grade B | 60% (12/20) | 28.1% (16/57) | |
| Grade A | 40% (8/20) | 71.9% (41/57) | |
| Mean albumin level (g/L) | 32.4 ± 3.8 | 37.6 ± 4.2 | < 0.05 |
| ECOG performance status (%) | > 0.05 | ||
| Score 0 | 30% (6/20) | 38.6% (22/57) | |
| Score 1 | 50% (10/20) | 47.4% (27/57) | |
| Score 2 | 20% (4/20) | 14.0% (8/57) | |
| Mean bilirubin level (mg/dL) | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | < 0.05 |
| Mean ALT level (U/L) | 60.2 ± 15.3 | 50.1 ± 12.4 | > 0.05 |
| Mean AST level (U/L) | 70.5 ± 18.2 | 60.3 ± 14.1 | > 0.05 |
| Mean INR | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | < 0.05 |
Table 3 Comorbidities analysis
| Comorbidity | Infection group (n = 20) (%) | Non-infection group (n = 57) (%) | P value |
| Diabetes mellitus | 45 (9/20) | 22.8 (13/57) | < 0.05 |
| Hypertension | 35 (7/20) | 31.6 (18/57) | > 0.05 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 20 (4/20) | 17.5 (10/57) | > 0.05 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 15 (3/20) | 12.3 (7/57) | > 0.05 |
| Chronic lung disease | 10 (2/20) | 8.8 (5/57) | > 0.05 |
| Obesity | 25 (5/20) | 17.5 (10/57) | > 0.05 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 30 (6/20) | 26.3 (15/57) | > 0.05 |
| History of stroke | 10 (2/20) | 8.8 (5/57) | > 0.05 |
| History of cancer | 5 (1/20) | 3.5 (2/57) | > 0.05 |
Table 4 Tumor characteristics
| Characteristic | Infection group (n = 20) (%) | Non-infection group (n = 57) (%) | P value |
| Mean maximum tumor diameter (cm) | 6.8 ± 2.3 | 4.2 ± 1.9 | < 0.05 |
| Tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm | 40.3 (8/20) | 15.6 (9/57) | < 0.05 |
| Bilobar distribution | 55 (11/20) | 31.6 (18/57) | < 0.05 |
| Unilobar distribution | 45 (9/20) | 68.4 (39/57) | |
| Mean number of tumors | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | < 0.05 |
| Tumor location in right lobe | 30 (6/20) | 40.4 (23/57) | > 0.05 |
| Tumor location in left lobe | 25 (5/20) | 31.6 (18/57) | > 0.05 |
| Tumor location in both lobes | 45 (9/20) | 28.1 (16/57) | < 0.05 |
| Tumor grade (high grade) | 60 (12/20) | 40.4 (23/57) | < 0.05 |
| Tumor marker (CEA ≥ 5 ng/mL) | 50 (10/20) | 28.1 (16/57) | < 0.05 |
| Tumor marker (CA19-9 ≥ 37 U/mL) | 45 (9/20) | 24.6 (14/57) | < 0.05 |
| Tumor marker (AFP ≥ 20 ng/mL) | 35 (7/20) | 17.5 (10/57) | < 0.05 |
Table 5 Procedure-related parameters
| Characteristic | Infection group (n = 20) | Non-infection group (n = 57) | P value |
| Mean operation time (minutes) | 142.5 ± 32.6 | 98.3 ± 25.7 | < 0.05 |
| Operation time ≥ 120 minutes (%) | 70% (14/20) | 38.6% (22/57) | < 0.05 |
| Volume of drug-eluting beads (mL) | 10.2 ± 2.1 | 9.8 ± 1.9 | > 0.05 |
| Mean blood loss (mL) | 350.2 ± 120.5 | 250.1 ± 100.3 | < 0.05 |
| Blood transfusion required (%) | 40% (8/20) | 24.6% (14/57) | < 0.05 |
| Postoperative hospital stay (days) | 7.5 ± 2.3 | 5.8 ± 1.9 | < 0.05 |
| Intraoperative complications (%) | 30% (6/20) | 17.5% (10/57) | > 0.05 |
| Postoperative complications (%) | 50% (10/20) | 31.6% (18/57) | < 0.05 |
| Mean number of lymph nodes removed | 12.5 ± 3.2 | 10.1 ± 2.8 | < 0.05 |
| Positive lymph node ratio (%) | 45% (9/20) | 28.1% (16/57) | < 0.05 |
| Mean tumor margin width (mm) | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 6.8 ± 1.2 | < 0.05 |
| Invasive tumor (%) | 60% (12/20) | 40.4% (23/57) | < 0.05 |
Table 6 Risk factor analysis
| Risk factor | OR | 95%CI | P value |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 1.986 | 1.124-3.512 | < 0.05 |
| Child-Pugh grade B | 2.851 | 1.426-5.698 | < 0.05 |
| Tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm | 2.143 | 1.215-3.778 | < 0.05 |
| Operation time ≥ 120 minutes | 2.367 | 1.238-4.523 | < 0.05 |
| Preoperative albumin < 35 g/L | 2.156 | 1.147-4.052 | < 0.05 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.875 | 1.086-3.236 | < 0.05 |
| Bilobar tumor distribution | 1.789 | 1.012-3.165 | < 0.05 |
| Mean number of tumors ≥ 2 | 1.654 | 1.003-2.732 | < 0.05 |
| Preoperative bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL | 1.543 | 0.987-2.412 | > 0.05 |
Table 7 Independent risk factors
| Risk factor | OR | 95%CI | P value |
| Child-Pugh grade B | 2.851 | 1.426-5.698 | < 0.05 |
| Operation time ≥ 120 minutes | 2.367 | 1.238-4.523 | < 0.05 |
| Preoperative albumin < 35 g/L | 2.156 | 1.147-4.052 | < 0.05 |
| Tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm | 1.987 | 1.023-3.856 | < 0.05 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.789 | 1.012-3.165 | < 0.05 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 1.654 | 1.003-2.732 | < 0.05 |
| Bilobar tumor distribution | 1.543 | 0.987-2.412 | > 0.05 |
| Mean number of tumors ≥ 2 | 1.456 | 0.923-2.298 | > 0.05 |
| Preoperative bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL | 1.321 | 0.854-2.047 | > 0.05 |
- Citation: Wang G, Qi R. Analysis of risk factors for post-operative infection following drug-eluting trans arterial chemo embolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective study. World J Gastrointest Surg 2025; 17(6): 106276
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v17/i6/106276.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v17.i6.106276