Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Jan 27, 2021; 13(1): 50-75
Published online Jan 27, 2021. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i1.50
Table 1 Complete follow-up program
Time from surgeryTests
Full blood count, liver function tests, CEA
Abdominal US
Chest X-Ray
Abdominal CT scan
Colonoscopy
3 mo
6 mo
9 mo
12 mo
18 mo
2 yr
3 yr
4 yr
5 yr
Table 2 Potential prognostic factor for disease-free survival and overall survival

Disease free survival (DFS)
P value
Overall survival (OS)
P value
3 yr (%)
5 yr (%)
10 y (%)
3 yr (%)
5 yr (%)
10 yr (%)
CEA0.0950.045
< 5 ng/mL84.480.873.188.379.869.6
≥ 5 ng/mL72.261.150.081.066.742.9
AJCC stage< 0.0001< 0.0001
186.982.970.691.183.570.4
287.776.257.992.982.154.3
359.357.950.672.061.048.5
420.0--63.645.518.2
Pathologic M stage1< 0.00010.002
077.071.258.485.174.457.0
120.0--63.645.518.2
Retrieved LN0.8190.688
< 1281.575.458.187.576.454.7
≥ 1273.369.358.883.273.856.4
LN ratio0.0680.043
< 1566.864.055.678.070.756.0
≥ 1541.541.536.261.744.733.8
Timing of recurrence0.028
Early (< 3 yr2)54.933.311.8
Late (≥ 3 yr2)10077.822.2
Table 3 Recurrence characteristics and related treatment

Total, n = 234
%
Recurrence
No17467.7
Yes6023.3
Timing of recurrence1
< 3 yr5119.8
≥ 3 yr93.5
Liver recurrence
No20780.5
Yes259.7
Missing29.7
Lung recurrence
No21684.0
Yes166.2
Missing29.7
Local recurrence
No21583.7
Yes176.6
Missing29.7
Peritoneal seeding
No22587.5
Yes72.7
Missing29.7
Treatment of the first recurrence
Surgery2541.7
Chemotherapy2033.3
Best supportive care813.3
Palliation23.3
Missing58.3
Table 4 Demographic and patient-related preoperative potential prognostic factors for recurrence and evaluation of early vs late recurrence (univariate analysis)
Recurrence, n = 234
Timing of recurrence, n = 60
All
No
Yes
HR (95%CI)
P value
Early recurrence (< 3 yr)
Late recurrence (≥ 3 yr)
OR (95%CI)
P value
n (%)
n = 174 (67.7%)
n = 60 (23.3%)
n = 51 (85.0%)
n = 9 (15.0%)
Age, yr; mean ± SD68 ± 1268 ± 1169 ± 121.00 (0.98-1.02)0.86867 ± 1277 ± 81.10 (1.00-1.21)0.050
Gender, n (%)0.1790.421
Male128 (54.7)99 (77.3)29 (22.6)Reference25 (86.2)4 (13.8)Reference
Female106 (45.3)75 (70.7)31 (29.2)1.42 (0.85-2.37)26 (83.9)5 (16.1)1.85 (0.41-8.21)
Preop Hb, g/dL, mean ± SD12.3 ± 2.112.6 ± 2.111.6 ± 2.30.84 (0.71-1.01)0.05811.9 ± 2.29.67 ± 2.30.60 (0.31-1.17)0.136
Preop glycemia, g/dL, mean ± SD0.99 ± 0.260.96 ± 0.241.08 ± 0.313.44 (1.05-11.24)0.0401.10 ± 0.340.99 ± 0.190.25 (0.00-16.06)0.518
Preop total proteins, g/dL, mean ± SD6.8 ± 0.76.8 ± 0.66.8 ± 11.07 (0.54-2.11)0.8396.7 ± 1.07.3 ± 0.22.43 (0.47-12.54)0.288
Preop CEA, n (%)0.0290.440
< 5 ng/mL85 (82.5)71 (83.5)14 (16.5)0.36 (0.15-0.90)12 (85.7)2 (14.3)Reference
≥ 5 ng/mL18 (17.5)11 (61.1)7 (38.9)Reference5 (71.4)2 (28.6)2.40 (0.26-22.10)
Missing13113139
BMI, mean ± SD26 ± 425 ± 427 ± 51.06 (0.99-1.14)0.08527 ± 527 ± 50.98 (0.81-1.19)0.866
ASA, n (%)
131 (14.5)26 (83.9)5 (16.1)Reference5 (100)0 (0)Reference
280 (37.4)61 (76.2)19 (23.8)1.50 (0.56-4.02)0.42116 (84.2)3 (15.8)-0.951
394 (43.9)72 (76.6)22 (23.4)1.51 (0.57-3.40)0.40416 (72.7)6 (27.3)-0.948
49 (4.2)5 (55.6)4 (44.4)3.85 (1.03-14.41)0.0454 (100)0 (0)-1.000
Missing202010
Presentation with occlusion, n (%)0.0210.366
No42 (59.2)33 (78.6)9 (21.4)Reference7 (77.8)2 (22.2)Reference
Yes29 (40.8)15 (51.7)14 (48.3)2.60 (1.15-5.87)13 (92.9)1 (7.1)0.31 (0.02-3.97)
Missing16316337
Tumor site, n (%)
Right colon70 (29.9)53 (75.7)17 (24.3)Reference13 (76.5)4 (23.5)Reference
Left colon103 (44)76 (73.8)27 (26.2)0.93 (0.50-1.70)0.80724 (88.9)3 (11.1)0.41 (0.08-2.10)0.282
Rectum61 (26.1)45 (73.8)16 (26.2)0.94 (0.47-1.85)0.85114 (87.5)2 (12.5)0.46 (0.07-2.98)0.418
Table 5 Treatment-related potential prognostic factors for recurrence and evaluation of early versus late recurrence (univariate analysis)
Recurrence, n = 234
Timing of recurrence, n = 60
All
No
Yes
HR (95%CI)
P value
Early recurrence (< 3 yr)
Late recurrence (≥ 3 yr)
OR (95%CI)
P value
n, %
n = 174 (67.7%)
n = 60 (23.3%)
n = 51 (85.0%)
n = 9 (15.0%)
Neoadjuvant therapy, n (%)0.9210.949
No97 (93.3)68 (70)29 (30)Reference25 (86.2)4 (13.8)Reference
Yes7 (6.7)5 (71)2 (29)1.07 (0.26-4.51)2 (100)0 (0)1.13 (0.02-53.57)
Missing13013029
Surgery, n (%)
Right emicolectomy55 (23.5)42 (76.4)13 (23.6)Reference10 (76.9)3 (23.1)Reference
Extended right emicolectomy15 (6.4)12 (80)3 (20)1.16 (0.37-3.59)0.8012 (66.7)1 (33.3)4.20 (0.37-47.64)0.247
Intermediate colectomy10 (4.3)6 (60)4 (40)2.16 (0.70-6.71)0.1823 (75)1 (25)1.80 (0.14-23.6)0.655
AR/Hartmann106 (45.3)80 (75.5)26 (24.5)1.09 (0.55-2.17)0.79824 (92.3)2 (7.7)0.43 (0.06-3.02)0.395
LAR/Miles38 (16.2)28 (73.7)10 (26.3)1.16 (0.50-2.68)0.7318 (80)2 (20)1.23 (0.16-9.69)0.841
Total/Sub-total Colectomy6 (2.6)3 (50)3 (50)2.69 (0.76-9.53)0.1263 (100)0 (0.0)0.60 (0.01-24.50)0.787
Segmental resection4 (1.7)3 (75)1 (25)1.12 (0.14-8.68)0.9161 (100)0 (0.0)1.7 (0.02-162.35)0.819
Associated procedure, n (%)
No52 (50.5)39 (75)13 (25)Reference11 (84.6)2 (15.4)Reference
Minor40 (38.8)27 (67.5)13 (32.5)1.30 (0.60-2.80)0.50511 (84.6)2 (15.4)1.00 (0.13-7.44)1.00
Major11 (10.7)4 (36.4)7 (63.6)3.56 (1.41-8.96)0.0077 (100)0 (0)0.31 (0.01-8.95)0.492
Missing13113127
Operative technique, n (%)< 0.0010.061
Open99 (42.7)61 (61.6)38 (38.4)Reference35 (92.1)3 (7.9)Reference
Laparoscopy133 (57.3)111 (83.5)22 (16.5)0.37 (0.22-0.62)16 (72.7)6 (27.3)4.00 (0.94-17.01)
Missing22-
Duration of surgery, min – mean ± SD232 ± 67230 ± 61239 ± 831.00 (0.99-1.01)0.496238 ± 78242 ± 1121.00 (0.99-1.01)0.808
Postop blood transfusion, n (%)0.1230.119
No174 (75.7)134 (77)40 (23)Reference36 (90)4 (10)Reference
Yes56 (24.3)37 (66.1)19 (33.9)1.54 (0.89-2.66)14 (73.7)5 (26.3)3.08 (0.75-12.64)
Missing441
Reoperation, n (%)0.2620.559
No82 (91.1)60 (73.2)22 (26.8)Reference17 (77.3)5 (22.7)Reference
Yes8 (8.9)5 (62.5)3 (37.5)1.99 (0.60-6.61)2 (66.7)1 (33.3)2.13 (0.17-26.68)
Missing14414435
Hospital stay, d, mean ± SD9.2 ± 68.7 ± 3.710.9 ± 9.11.05 (1.02-1.07)0.00110.9 ± 9.810.6 ± 4.01.01 (0.95-1.08)0.737
Adjuvant therapy, n (%)0.0640.057
No127 (56.4)103 (81.1)24 (18.9)Reference18 (75)6 (25)Reference
Yes98 (43.5)67 (68.4)31 (31.6)1.65 (0.97-2.81)28 (90.3)3 (9.7)0.22 (0.04-1.04)
Missing995
Start of adj CHT, n (%)0.2680.401
< 6 wk26 (48.1)13 (50)13 (50)Reference12 (92.3)1 (7.7)Reference
≥ 6 wk28 (51.9)19 (67.9)9 (32.1)1.63 (0.69-3.95)8 (88.9)1 (11.1)4.4 (0.14-141.01)
Missing18018038
Table 6 Pathological-related potential prognostic factors for recurrence and evaluation of early versus late recurrence (univariate analysis)

Recurrence, n = 234
Timing of recurrence, n = 60
All
No
Yes
HR (95%CI)
P value
Early recurrence (< 3 yr)
Late recurrence (≥ 3 yr)
OR (95%CI)
P value
n (%)
n = 174 (67.7%)
n = 60 (23.3%)
n = 51 (85.0%)
n = 9 (15.0%)
Major tumor diameter, mm, mean ± SD43 ± 2341.6 ± 2346.8 ± 24.51.01 (0.99-1.02)0.13047.6 ± 23.542.8 ± 29.80.99 (0.96-1.02)0.694
Pathological T stage1, n (%)
146 (19.7)44 (95.7)2 (4.3)Reference2 (100)0 (0)Reference
240 (17.2)32 (80)8 (20)3.44 (0.91-12.99)0.0686 (75)2 (25)0.64 (0.04-10.57)0.756
3141 (60.5)94 (66.7)47 (33.3)6.14 (1.91-19.77)0.00240 (85.1)7 (14.9)0.27 (0.02-3.20)0.298
46 (2.6)4 (66.7)2 (33.3)6.19 (1.03-37.96)0.0462 (100)0 (0)0.33 (0.00-24.94)0.624
Missing111
Pathological N stage1, n (%)
0155 (66.5)129 (83.2)26 (16.8)Reference18 (69.2)8 (30.8)Reference
151 (21.9)36 (70.6)15 (29.4)1.95 (1.03-3.69)0.03915 (100)0 (0)0.07 (0.00-1.44)0.085
227 (11.6)9 (33.3)18 (66.7)6.35 (3.50-11.64)< 0.00117 (94.4)1 (5.6)0.19 (0.03-1.25)0.084
Missing111
Pathological M stage1, n (%)< 0.0010.408
0223 (95.6)171 (76.7)52 (23.3)Reference43 (82.7)9 (17.3)Reference
110 (4.3)2 (20)8 (80)5.31 (2.50-11.30)8 (100)0 (0)0.27 (0.01-6.02)
Missing11-
AJCC stage, n (%)
177 (32.9)68 (88.3)9 (11.7)Reference7 (77.8)2 (22.2)Reference
275 (32)59 (78.7)16 (21.3)1.65 (0.74-3.67)0.22010 (62.5)6 (37.5)1.12 (0.20-6.17)0.894
372 (30.8)45 (62.5)27 (37.5)3.59 (1.73-7.42)< 0.00126 (96.3)1 (3.7)0.12 (0.01-1.03)0.053
410 (4.3)2 (20)8 (80)11.1 (4.35-28.52)< 0.0018 (100)0 (0)0.13 (0.00-3.43)0.220
Retrieved LN, n (%)0.5350.741
< 1265 (29.3)53 (81.5)12 (18.5)Reference10 (83.3)2 (16.7)Reference
≥ 12157 (70.7)112 (71.3)45 (28.7)0.84 (0.47-1.47)38 (84.4)7 (15.6)0.78 (0.18-3.40)
Missing12123
LN ratio, mean ± SD20 ± 1616 ± 1325 ± 1925.8 (8.22-80.93)< 0.00125 ± 19220.00 (0.00-2.20)0.073
Colloid component, n (%)0.1680.607
No63 (60)49 (77.8)14 (22.2)Reference12 (85.7)2 (14.3)Reference
Yes42 (40)27 (64.3)15 (35.7)1.68 (0.80-3.53)13 (86.7)2 (13.3)0.55 (0.06-5.22)
Missing12912931
Table 7 Multivariate analysis of potential prognostic factors for recurrence

HR
95%CI
P value
Hospital stay, d1.0531.023-1.084< 0.001
Pathological N stage1
0Reference
11.6080.773-3.3430.204
26.1293.070-12.236< 0.001
Pathological M stage1
0Reference
15.5212.113-14.425< 0.001
Table 8 Demographic and patient-related preoperative potential prognostic factors for liver and lung recurrence

Recurrence, n = 58
Liver
Lung
No, n = 33 (55.0%)
Yes, n = 25 (41.7%)
HR (95%CI)
P value
No, n = 42 (70.0%)
Yes, n = 16 (26.7%)
HR (95%CI)
P value
Age, yr, mean ± SD67.4 ± 12.368.0 ± 12.31.00 (0.97-1.03)0.94567.3 ± 12.768.7 ± 11.01.00 (0.96-1.04)0.837
Gender, n (%)0.7020.185
Male16 (55.2)13 (44.8)Reference19 (65.5)10 (34.5)Reference
Female17 (58.6)12 (41.4)0.86 (0.39-1.88)23 (79.3)6 (20.7)0.50 (0.18-1.39)
Preop Hb, g/dL, mean ± SD11.28 11.93 1.16 (0.88-1.53)0.29611.4 ± 2.312.0 ± 2.51.14 (0.81-1.61)0.446
Preop glycemia, g/dL, mean ± SD1.08 ± 0.361.08 ± 0.311.72 (0.14-10.00)0.8841.06 ± 0.331.14 ± 0.351.47 (0.12-18.20)0.764
Preop total proteins, g/dL, mean ± SD6.7 ± 0.77.1 ± 0.81.33 (0.56-3.17)0.5146.9 ± 0.96.9 ± 0.50.87 (0.19-3.93)0.861
Preop CEA, n (%)0.8680.891
< 5 ng/mL6 (46.2)7 (53.8)Reference10 (76.9)3 (23.1)Reference
≥ 5 ng/mL4 (57.1)3 (42.9)0.89 (0.23-3.46)5 (71.4)2 (28.6)1.14 (0.18-7.14)
Missing23152711
BMI, mean ± SD26.3 ± 4.927.8 ± 4.71.04 (0.94-1.15)0.46527.6 ± 4.825.7 ± 4.60.96 (0.83-1.13)0.646
ASA, n (%)
13 (60)2 (40)Reference4 (80)1 (20)Reference
28 (42.1)11 (57.9)0.64 (0.15-2.75)0.54414 (73.7)5 (26.3)0.46 (0.06-3.38)0.447
313 (61.9)8 (38.1)0.34 (0.07-1.55)0.16315 (71.4)6 (28.6)0.31 (0.04-2.35)0.258
43 (100)0 (0.0)0.30 (0.01-7.69)0.4712 (66.7)1 (33.3)2.09 (0.16-27.56)0.573
Missing6473
Presentation with occlusion, n (%)0.4650.470
No5 (62.5)3 (37.5)Reference6 (75)2 (25)Reference
Yes6 (46.2)7 (53.8)1.58 (0.46-5.44)9 (69.2)4 (30.8)1.89 (0.34-10.61)
Missing23152711
Tumour site, n (%)
Right colon11 (68.7)5 (31.3)Reference13 (81.3)3 (18.7)Reference
Left colon11 (42.3)15 (57.7)2.48 (0.89-6.88)0.08120 (76.9)6 (23.1)1.73 (0.42-7.04)0.445
Rectum11 (68.7)5 (31.3)0.98 (0.28-3.41)0.9729 (56.3)7 (43.7)2.34 (0.59-9.32)0.226
Table 9 Treatment-related potential prognostic factors for liver and lung recurrence

Recurrence, n = 58
Liver
Lung
No, n = 33 (55.0%)
Yes, n = 25 (41.7%)
HR (95%CI)
P value
No, n = 42 (70.0%)
Yes, n = 16 (26.7%)
HR (95%CI)
P value
Neoadjuvant therapy, n (%)0.9520.010
No13 (46.4)15 (53.6)Reference21 (75)7 (25)Reference
Yes2 (100)0 (0)0.91 (0.04-18.42)0 (0)2 (100)13.21 (1.86-93.92)
Missing1810217
Surgery, n (%)
Right emicolectomy10 (83.3)2 (16.7)Reference10 (83.3)2 (16.7)Reference
Extended right emicolectomy1 (33.3)2 (66.7)2.02 (0.31-13.21)0.4612 (66.7)1 (33.3)0.81 (0.09-7.66)0.857
Intermediate colectomy0 (0)4 (100)7.05 (1.34-36.94)0.0214 (100)0 (0)0.75 (0.03-21.49)0.864
AR/Hartmann’s procedure11 (44)14 (56)2.44 (0.59-10.18)0.22019 (76)6 (24)1.07 (0.21-5.39)0.936
Low anterior resection/Miles9 (90)1 (10)0.54 (0.06-4.67)0.5793 (30)7 (70)2.20 (0.45-10.78)0.332
Total/Sub-total colectomy2 (66.7)1 (33.3)2.37 (0.27-20.60)0.4333 (100)0 (0)0.84 (0.03-24.19)0.920
Segmental resection0 (0)1 (100)110 (5.3-2304.7)0.0021 (100)0 (0)--
Associated procedure, n (%)
No4 (33.3)8 (66.7)Reference10 (83.3)2 (16.7)Reference
Minor9 (69.2)4 (30.8)0.37 (0.11-1.23)0.10610 (76.9)3 (23.1)0.92 (0.16-5.43)0.928
Major2 (28.6)5 (71.4)1.65 (0.53-5.47)0.3774 (57.1)3 (42.9)3.37 (0.55-20.65)0.188
Missing188188
Operative technique, n (%)0.2530.658
Open19 (51.4)18 (48.6)Reference27 (73)10 (27)Reference
Laparoscopy14 (66.7)7 (33.3)0.60 (0.25-1.44)15 (71.4)6 (28.6)0.79 (0.28-2.24)
Duration of surgery, min, mean ± SD250 ± 90227 ± 751.00 (0.99-1.00)0.579231 ± 83264 ± 861.00 (1.00-1.01)0.221
Hospital stay, d, mean ± SD10.0 ± 3.99.5 ± 2.10.97 (0.84-1.11)0.6379.8 ± 2.89.9 ± 4.31.00 (0.86-1.17)0.980
Postoperative blood transfusion, n (%)0.0670.992
No20 (50)20 (50)Reference30 (75)10 (25)Reference
Yes13 (76.5)4 (23.5)0.37 (0.12-1.07)11 (64.7)6 (35.3)0.99 (0.36-2.75)
Missing-11-
Reoperation due to complications, n (%)0.7230.705
No12 (57.1)9 (42.9)Reference18 (85.7)3 (14.3)Reference
Yes2 (100)0 (0)0.58 (0.03-12.07)1 (50)1 (50)1.53 (0.17-13.57)
Missing19162312
Adjuvant therapy, n (%)0.0550.703
No16 (72.7)6 (27.2)Reference15 (68.2)7 (31.8)Reference
Yes14 (45.2)17 (54.8)2.52 (0.98-6.48)23 (74.2)8 (25.8)1.23 (0.42-3.62)
Missing3241
Start of adj CHT, n (%)0.9130.344
< 6 wk from surgery6 (46.2)7 (53.8)Reference8 (61.5)5 (38.6)Reference
≥ 6 wk from surgery4 (44.4)5 (55.6)1.07 (0.33-3.43)8 (88.9)1 (11.1)0.35 (0.04-1.04)
Missing23132610
Table 10 Pathological-related potential prognostic factors for liver and lung recurrence

Recurrence, n = 58
Liver
Lung
No, n = 33 (55.0%)
Yes, n = 25 (41.7%)
HR (95%CI)
P value
No, n = 42 (70.0%)
Yes, n = 16 (26.7%)
HR (95%CI)
P value
Major tumor diameter, mm, mean ± SD55.7142.740.99 (0.98-1.01)0.36829.0930.010.99 (0.97-1.01)0.326
Pathological T stage1, n (%)
11 (50)1 (50)Reference1 (50)1 (50)Reference
26 (75)2 (25)0.68 (0.06-7.50)0.7526 (75)2 (25)0.77 (0.07-8.58)0.835
325 (55.6)20 (44.4)1.66 (0.22-12.44)0.62333 (73.3)12 (26.7)1.52 (0.19-12.45)0.695
41 (50)1 (50)2.18 (0.13-35.75)0.5851 (50)1 (50)4.28 (0.24-76.14)0.981
Missing--1-
Pathological N stage1, n (%)
017 (65.4)9 (34.6)Reference18 (69.2)8 (30.8)Reference
19 (64.3)5 (35.7)1.75 (0.55-5.53)0.34110 (71.4)4 (28.6)2.31 (0.60-8.88)0.222
27 (41.2)10 (58.8)3.48 (1.31-9.27)0.01313 (76.5)4 (23.5)2.17 (0.57-8.51)0.264
Missing-11-
Pathological M stage1, n (%)0.3210.092
029 (58)21 (42)Reference37 (74)13 (26)Reference
14 (50)4 (50)1.74 (0.58-5.22)5 (62.5)3 (37.5)3.13 (0.83-11.79)
AJCC stage, n (%)
17 (77.8)2 (22.2)Reference6 (66.7)3 (33.3)Reference
210 (62.5)6 (37.5)2.12 (0.43-10.51)0.35911 (68.7)5 (31.3)1.45 (0.33-6.33)0.623
312 (48)13 (52)5.09 (1.10-23.52)0.03720 (80)5 (20)2.11 (0.42-10.47)0.361
44 (50)4 (50)5.57 (0.96-32.24)0.0555 (62.5)3 (37.5)3.06 (0.85-30.09)0.075
Retrieved LN, n (%)0.8030.961
< 126 (54.5)5 (45.5)Reference8 (72.7)3 (27.3)Reference
≥ 1226 (59.1)18 (40.9)0.90 (0.38-2.12)31 (70.5)13 (29.5)0.97 (0.34-2.82)
Missing123-
LN ratio, mean ± SD22 ± 1828 ± 204.21 (0.79-22.42)0.09227 ± 2118 ± 81.07 (0.96-18.11)0.963
Colloid component, n (%)0.3670.200
No6 (46.2)7 (53.8)Reference8 (61.5)5 (38.5)Reference
Yes11 (73.3)4 (26.7)0.56 (0.16-1.98)14 (93.3)1 (6.7)0.24 (0.03-2.12)
Missing16142010
Table 11 Demographic and patient-related preoperative potential prognostic factors for local and peritoneal recurrence

Recurrence, n = 58
Peritoneal
Local
No, n = 51 (87.9%)
Yes, n = 7 (12.1%)
HR (95%CI)
P value
No, n = 41 (70.7%)
Yes, n = 17 (29.3%)
HR (95%CI)
P value
Age, yr, mean ± SD67.6 ± 11.966.3 ± 14.90.98 (0.92-1.04)0.48968.6 ± 11.367.5 ± 14.20.98 (0.95-1.02)0.345
Gender, n (%)0.4340.862
Male27 (93.1)2 (6.9)Reference21 (72.4)8 (27.6)Reference
Female24 (82.8)5 (17.2)1.97 (0.36-10.77)20 (69)9 (31)0.91 (0.32-2.61)
Preop Hb, g/dL, mean ± SD11.7 ± 2.311.1 ± 2.70.91 (0.55-1.50)0.71211.9 ± 2.29.9 ± 1.90.71 (0.38-1.31)0.273
Preop glycemia, g/dL, mean ± SD1.08 ± 0.321.08 ± 0.412.42 (0.05-123.6)0.6591.12 ± 0.330.82 ± 0.16-0.210
Preop total proteins, g/dL, mean ± SD7.0 ± 0.76.5 ± 1.10.17 (0.02-1.23)0.0796.9 ± 0.97.0 ± 0.40.60 (0.02-14.06)0.750
Preop CEA, n (%)0.7270.860
< 5 ng/mL11 (84.6)2 (15.4)Reference12 (92.3)1 (7.7)Reference
≥ 5 ng/mL6 (85.7)1 (14.3)0.52 (0.01-21.28)5 (71.4)2 (28.6)1.32 (0.06-29.55)
Missing3442414
BMI, mean ± SD26.7 ± 4.530.7 ± 7.21.15 (0.91-1.44)0.23827.4 ± 5.126.0 ± 3.60.95 (0.81-1.11)0.510
ASA, n (%)
14 (80)1 (20)Reference4 (80)1 (20)Reference
217 (89.5)2 (10.5)0.25 (0.02-2.83)0.26415 (78.9)4 (21.1)0.42 (0.06-3.18)0.401
318 (85.7)3 (14.3)0.19 (0.02-2.14)0.17814 (66.7)7 (33.3)0.35 (0.05-2.61)0.307
43 (100)0 (0)0.47 (0.01-23.31)0.7071 (33.3)2 (66.7)2.32 (0.24-21.92)0.464
Missing9173
Presentation with occlusion, n (%)0.6740.962
No7 (87.5)1 (12.5)Reference6 (75)2 (25)Reference
Yes11 (84.6)2 (15.4)1.67 (0.15-18.56)12 (92.3)1 (7.7)0.93 (0.06-15.21)
Missing3342314
Tumour site, n (%)
Right colon14 (87.5)2 (12.5)Reference9 (56.3)7 (43.7)Reference
Left colon24 (92.3)2 (7.7)0.80 (0.11-5.70)0.82519 (73.1)7 (26.9)0.79 (0.27-2.30)0.671
Rectum13 (81.2)3 (18.8)1.36 (0.23-8.17)0.73513 (81.3)3 (18.7)0.44 (0.11-1.69)0.232
Table 12 Treatment-related potential prognostic factors for local and peritoneal recurrence

Recurrence, n = 58
Peritoneal
Local
No, n = 51 (87.9%)
Yes, n = 7 (12.1%)
HR (95%CI)
P value
No, n = 41 (70.7)
Yes, n = 17 (29.3)
HR (95%CI)
P value
Neoadjuvant therapy, n (%)0.5690.475
No23 (82.1)5 (17.9)Reference23 (81.1)5 (17.9)Reference
Yes2 (100)0 (0)2.71 (0.09-84.27)2 (100)0 (0)3.88 (0.09-160.22)
Missing2621612
Surgery, n (%)
Right emicolectomy10 (83.3)2 (16.7)Reference6 (50)6 (50)Reference
Extended right emicolectomy3 (100)0 (0)0.23 (0.01-11.90)0.4682 (66.7)1 (33.3)0.20 (0.02-1.68)0.140
Intermediate colectomy4 (100)0 (0)1.20 (0.03-47.50)0.9234 (100)0 (0)0.35 (0.01-8.18)0.511
AR/Hartmann’s procedure23 (92)2 (8)0.36 (0.04-3.04)0.35017 (68)8 (32)0.41 (0.13-1.29)0.127
Low Anterior resection/Miles8 (80)2 (20)0.68 (0.07-6.27)0.7319 (90)1 (10)0.15 (0.02-1.07)0.059
Total/Sub-total colectomy2 (66.7)1 (33.3)2.99 (0.25-35.10)0.3832 (66.7)1 (33.3)0.98 (0.14-6.95)0.981
Segmental resection1 (100)0 (0)--1 (100)0 (0)--
Associated procedure, n (%)
No11 (91.7)1 (8.3)Reference11 (91.7)1 (8.3)Reference
Minor11 (84.6)2 (15.4)1.16 (0.10-14.11)0.9057 (53.8)6 (46.2)2.41 (0.33-17.37)0.384
Major7 (100)0 (0)0.61 (0.01-31.26)0.8085 (71.4)2 (28.6)3.26 (0.36-29.71)0.295
Missing224188
Operative technique, n (%)0.1280.368
Open35 (94.6)2 (5.4)Reference25 (67.6)12 (32.4)Reference
Laparoscopy16 (76.2)5 (23.8)3.64 (0.69-19.14)16 (76.2)5 (23.8)0.61 (0.21-1.77)
Duration of surgery, min, mean ± SD239 ± 85249 ± 871.00 (0.99-1.01)0.869244 ± 81232 ± 931.00 (0.99-1.01)0.934
Hospital stay, d, mean ± SD9.8 ± 3.210.0 ± 4.10.98 (0.76-1.27)0.9079.4 ± 3.310.7 ± 3.11.09 (0.96-1.23)0.181
Postoperative blood transfusion, n (%)0.2720.518
No37 (92.5)3 (7.5)Reference30 (75)10 (25)Reference
Yes13 (76.5)4 (23.5)2.32 (0.52-10.38)10 (58.8)7 (41.2)1.39 (0.51-3.74)
Missing1-1-
Reoperation due to complications, n (%)0.3440.182
No17 (81)4 (19)Reference18 (75)6 (25)Reference
Yes1 (50)1 (50)3.00 (0.31-29.24)1 (50)1 (50)4.35 (0.50-37.59)
Missing3322210
Adjuvant therapy, n (%)0.4810.852
No20 (90.9)2 (9.1)Reference14 (63.6)8 (36.4)Reference
Yes28 (90.3)3 (9.7)2.26 (0.23-21.77)23 (74.2)8 (25.8)1.11 (0.38-3.21)
Missing3241
Start of adj chemotherapy, n (%)0.6480.953
< 6 wk from surgery12 (92.3)1 (7.7)Reference9 (69.2)4 (30.8)Reference
≥ 6 wk from surgery8 (88.8)1 (11.1)1.91 (0.12-30.85)7 (77.8)2 (22.2)0.95 (0.18-5.13)
Missing315251
Table 13 Pathological-related potential prognostic factors for local and peritoneal recurrence

Recurrence, n = 58
Peritoneal
Local
No, n = 51 (87.9)
Yes, n = 7 (12.1)
HR (95%CI)
P value
No, n = 41 (70.7)
Yes, n = 17 (29.3)
HR (95%CI)
P value
Major tumor diameter, mm, mean ± SD46.2 ± 22.464.0 ± 35.11.02 (0.99-1.05)0.06244.2 ± 1955.8 ± 31.91.01 (0.99-1.03)0.107
Pathological T stage1, n (%)
12 (100)0 (0)Reference2 (100)0 (0)Reference
27 (87.5)1 (12.5)1.41 (0.03-62.92)0.8584 (50)4 (50)4.91 (0.19-124)0.335
339 (86.7)6 (13.3)3.8 (0.05-270.74)0.53833 (73.3)12 (23.7)6.29 (0.22-177)0.281
42 (100)0 (0)7.03 (0.04-1358)0.4681 (50)1 (50)21.47 (0.51-897)0.107
Missing1-1-
Pathological N stage1, n (%)0.196
025 (96.2)1 (3.8)Reference17 (65.4)9 (34.6)Reference
111 (78.6)3 (21.4)14.5 (0.52-405.2)0.1158 (57.1)6 (42.9)2.41 (0.76-7.65)0.135
214 (82.4)3 (17.6)15.4 (0.55-428)0.10715 (88.2)2 (11.8)0.88 (0.19-4.11)0.874
Missing1-1-
Pathological M stage1, n (%)0.5460.032
044 (88)6 (12)Reference37 (74)13 (26)Reference
17 (87.5)1 (12.5)1.84 (0.25-13.22)4 (50)4 (50)3.57 (1.12-11.40)
AJCC Stage, n (%)
18 (88.9)1 (11.1)Reference5 (55.6)4 (44.4)Reference
216 (100)0 (0)0.78 (0.01-73.61)0.91612 (75)4 (25)1.45 (0.28-7.51)0.659
320 (80)5 (20)6.16 (0.21-178)0.29020 (80)5 (20)1.62 (0.31-8.37)0.567
47 (87.5)1 (12.5)5.16 (0.12-215)0.3894 (50)4 (50)4.64 (0.84-25.69)0.079
Retrieved LN, n (%)1.0000.477
< 1210 (90.9)1 (11.1)Reference8 (72.7)3 (27.3)Reference
≥ 1238 (86.4)6 (13.6)31 (70.5)13 (29.5)1.56 (0.46-5.32)
Missing3-
LN Ratio, mean ± SD)24 ± 1727 ± 2912.13 (0.84-174)0.06629 ± 2015 ± 160.64 (0.04-11.17)0.757
Colloid component, n (%)0.1060.396
No13 (100)0 (0)Reference9 (69.2)4 (30.8)Reference
Yes10 (66.7)5 (33.3)13.77 (0.57-330)9 (60)6 (40)1.77 (0.47-6.62)
Missing282237