Gastrointestinal obstruction secondary to enteral nutrition bezoar: A case report

Table 1 Available literature on enteral nutrition obstruction

Ref.	Year	Patient characteristics				Type of bezoar	Proposed mechanism	Outcome
		Diagnosis on admission/surgery type, if any	Feeding tube location	Bezoar location	Treatment
O’Malley et al[9]	1981	Bleeding ulcer/hemigastrectomy	Jejunum	Small bowel	Resection	Impacted feed	Opioid analgesia Intestinal dysmotility	D/C
McIvor et al[4]	1990	TTP	Stomach	Caecum	Resection	Impacted feed	Opioid analgesia; intestinal dysmotility; fibre bulk	D/C
O’Neil et al[10]	1996	Gastric cancer Radical gastrectomy	Jejunum	Small bowel	Papain	Unknown	Opioid analgesia (causing paralytic Ileus)	D/C
Scaife et al[5]	1999	Burns	Jejunum	Small Bowel/Caecum	Resection	Impacted feed	Bulking agents	D/C
Halkic et al[1]	2005	Pancreatic cancer Whipple’s procedure	Jejunum	Small bowel	Resection	Impacted feed	Hyperosmolarity; bacterial overgrowth
Dedes et al[6]	2006	Gastric cancer Total gastrectomy	Stomach/jejunum	Small bowel	Enterotomy	Impacted feed	pH disturbance with no stomach, precipitation of fibres	D/C
Bouwyn et al[11]	2011	Pneumonia	Stomach	Small bowel	Resection	Multiple small bezoars	Opioid medication (causing paralytic ileus)	D/C
Leonello et al[2]	2018	Gastric/intestinal cancer UGI bleeding	Jejunum	Small bowel	Resection	Impacted feed	Neurohormonal changes; bulking agents	Death

D/C: Discharged to home; TTP: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; UGI: Upper gastrointestinal.