Mechanisms, clinical translation, and future perspectives of liver-mediated immunoprotection in combined organ transplantation

doi:10.4240/wjgs.124378

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

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1948-9366

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World J Gastrointest Surg. Nov 27, 2026; 18(11): 124378
Published online Nov 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.124378

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Figure 1 Immunomodulatory strategies in combined transplantation. A: Standard immunosuppression; B: Cellular therapy; C: Liver-intrinsic immune protection. MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; DSA: Donor-specific antibody; dd-cfDNA: Donor-derived cell-free DNA; Treg: Regulatory T cell; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TGF: Transforming growth factor; DC: Dendritic cell; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand-1; LSEC: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell.

Citation: Zhao ZW, Chen YG, Wang GY. Mechanisms, clinical translation, and future perspectives of liver-mediated immunoprotection in combined organ transplantation. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(11): 124378
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v18/i11/124378.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.124378

Zhao ZW, Chen YG, Wang GY. Mechanisms, clinical translation, and future perspectives of liver-mediated immunoprotection in combined organ transplantation. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(11): 124378 [DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.124378]

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