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Choleva M, Antonopoulou S, Fragopoulou E. Winery By-Products In Vitro and In Vivo Effects on Atherothrombotic Markers: Focus on Platelet-Activating Factor. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2025; 30:25859. [PMID: 39862073 DOI: 10.31083/fbl25859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025]
Abstract
Platelet aggregation and inflammation play a crucial role in atherothrombosis. Wine contains micro-constituents of proper quality and quantity that exert cardioprotective actions, partly through inhibiting platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory and thrombotic lipid mediator. However, wine cannot be consumed extensively due to the presence of ethanol. Alternatively, winery by-products are abundant in similar-to-wine micro-constituents that could be used in food fortification and dietary supplements. Also, the vinification process produces millions of tons of by-products worldwide, posing an environmental matter of waste management. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review is to update the existing data concerning the in vitro anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory properties of winery by-product extracts and their possible health effects through controlled clinical trials in humans, specifically focused on their effects on PAF's actions. Data from in vitro studies report that winery by-product compounds are able to inhibit platelet aggregation against several aggregation factors, as well as to downregulate inflammatory markers. Among their actions, extracts or phenolic compounds present in winery by-products inhibit PAF's actions, a potent inflammatory and thrombotic mediator. Similar conclusions have been drawn from human supplementation studies, which suggest that winery by-product extracts may have beneficial biological effects on the cardiovascular system. Evidence from long-term studies shows that consumption may lower total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, improve insulin sensitivity, decrease lipid and protein oxidative damage, enhance antioxidant capacity, and have mild anti-inflammatory action toward reducing cytokine expression and levels. Data from the limited postprandial studies report that the acute consumption of winery by-product extracts improves glycemic response and reduces platelet reactivity to aggregatory stimuli. Although wine extracts and phenolic compounds have been reported to inhibit PAF's actions and reduce the activity of its biosynthetic enzymes, no data exist concerning the influence of winery by-product extracts. In the future, additional long-term randomized controlled trials or postprandial studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions and establish a viable cardioprotective strategy that incorporates the sustainable use of winery by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Choleva
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Smaragdi Antonopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Fragopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece
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Sri Harsha PSC, Lavelli V. Grape Pomace as a Source of Phenolics for the Inhibition of Starch Digestion Enzymes: A Comparative Study and Standardization of the Efficacy. Foods 2024; 13:4103. [PMID: 39767045 PMCID: PMC11675744 DOI: 10.3390/foods13244103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Revised: 12/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
The increase in the incidence of hyperglycemia and diabetes poses the challenge of finding cost-effective natural inhibitors of starch digestion enzymes. Among natural compounds, phenolics have been considered as promising candidates. The aims of this study were as follows: (a) to investigate the effectiveness of the inhibition of different winemaking byproducts towards intestinal brush border α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase in vitro; (b) to calculate an efficacy index relative to the standard acarbose for the phenolic pool of winemaking byproducts, as well as for isolated phenolic compounds and for the phenolic pools of different plants studied in the literature, in order to rank winemaking byproducts with respect to the reference drug and other natural alternatives. Among winemaking byproducts, red grape skins showed the highest inhibitory activities towards both α-glucosidase and α-amylase, which were, on average, 4.9 and 2.6 µg acarbose equivalents/µg total phenolics (µg Ac eq/µg GAE), respectively. A correlation was observed between the total phenolic contents of red grape skins and their inhibitory effectiveness, which is useful for standardizing the efficacy of phenolic extracts obtained from different winemaking processes. In general, the inhibitory activity of the phenolic pool of grape skins was higher than those of isolated phenolic compounds, namely anthocyanins and monomeric and polymeric flavanols and flavonols, probably due to synergistic effects among compounds. Hence, bioactive phenolic fractions could be produced with the focus on functionality rather than purity, in line with the principles of sustainable processing. Based on the efficacy index developed to compare different phenolic compounds and phenolic-rich plants studied in the literature as starch digestion enzyme inhibitors, red grape skins proved to be cost-effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Lavelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Patanè GT, Putaggio S, Tellone E, Barreca D, Ficarra S, Maffei C, Calderaro A, Laganà G. Catechins and Proanthocyanidins Involvement in Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119228. [PMID: 37298181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on natural antioxidant compounds have highlighted their potentiality against various pathological conditions. The present review aims to selectively evaluate the benefits of catechins and their polymeric structure on metabolic syndrome, a common disorder characterized by a cluster of three main risk factors: obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. Patients with metabolic syndrome suffer chronic low inflammation state and oxidative stress both conditions effectively countered by flavanols and their polymers. The mechanism behind the activity of these molecules has been highlighted and correlated with the characteristic features present on their basic flavonoidic skelethon, as well as the efficient doses needed to perform their activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The amount of evidence provided in this review offers a starting point for flavanol dietary supplementation as a potential strategy to counteract several metabolic targets associated with metabolic syndrome and suggests a key role of albumin as flavanol-delivery system to the different target of action inside the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tancredi Patanè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Putaggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Maffei
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Calderaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Laganà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Postprandial Metabolic and Oxidative Stress Responses to Grape Pomace Extract in Healthy Normal and Overweight/Obese Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010156. [PMID: 36615813 PMCID: PMC9824782 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial oxidative stress has been shown to promote atherosclerosis. Grape pomace (GP) is a source of similar-to-wine bioactive micro-constituents with known antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate metabolic and oxidative stress responses after the intake of grape pomace (GP) extract along with a high-fat meal, in normal and overweight healthy women. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 18 women were finally included, 11 with BMI < 25 kg/m2 and 7 with BMI > 25 kg/m2, and consumed a high-fat meal with placebo or GP extract capsules in two separate visits. Blood samples were collected before and 6 h after the consumption. Measurements included basic biochemical markers, uric acid (UA), protein carbonyls (PC), thiobarbituric acid substance (TBARS) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. At certain time points, the GP extract consumption in normal-weight women reduced UA, TBARS levels, and SOD activity, whereas it increased UA and reduced PC levels in overweight/obese women, compared to the placebo. GP-derived bioactive compounds may exert antioxidant actions during the postprandial state in healthy women, through different mechanisms according to their BMI status.
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García-Díez E, Cuesta-Hervás M, Veses-Alcobendas AM, Alonso-Gordo Ó, García-Maldonado E, Martínez-Suárez M, Herranz B, Vaquero MP, Álvarez MD, Pérez-Jiménez J. Acute supplementation with grapes in obese subjects did not affect postprandial metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2671-2681. [PMID: 33386890 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether grape polyphenols have a "second-meal effect", modulating glucose and lipid elevations in the postprandial period after two successive meals in subjects with obesity. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, acute clinical trial was conducted. Twenty-five obese subjects (BMI = ≥ 30 and < 40 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups. At an initial visit, blood was collected in a fasting state and the subjects received breakfast and 46 g of either grape powder (equivalent to 252 g fresh grapes) or placebo, both solved in water. Lunch was provided 5 h later and then blood was collected after 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 330, 360, and 420 min since arrival. Two weeks later, at a second visit, the subjects received the other powder. The following were determined: glucose, insulin, triglycerides, uric acid, blood count, hemoglobin, viscosity, antioxidant capacity, and satiety perception. RESULTS Postprandial increases were observed as expected in, for example, glucose and triglycerides after breakfast and lunch. The grape powder supplementation did not cause any significant modification compared to placebo, in these parameters; nor did it significantly modify plasma antioxidant capacity in the 6 h postprandial period. DISCUSSION Single grape powder supplementation did not modify postprandial responses in obese subjects, probably because the polyphenol dose was insufficient to induce such an effect. The result of a combination of grape with other polyphenol-rich products or chronic supplementation with grape powder on postprandial responses remains to be elucidated. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT03741218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther García-Díez
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cuesta-Hervás
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Veses-Alcobendas
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Alonso-Gordo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Maldonado
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Martínez-Suárez
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herranz
- Department of Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University, Avda/Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Characterization, Quality, and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Vaquero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Álvarez
- Department of Characterization, Quality, and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jara Pérez-Jiménez
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Gerardi G, Cavia-Saiz M, Muñiz P. From winery by-product to healthy product: bioavailability, redox signaling and oxidative stress modulation by wine pomace product. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7427-7448. [PMID: 33951976 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1914542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The wine pomace is the main winery by-products that suppose an economic and environmental problem and their use as a functional ingredient are being increasingly recognized as a good and inexpensive source of bioactive compounds. In this sense, it is known the potential health properties of wine pomace products in the prevention of disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation such as endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, hyperglycemia, diabetes, obesity. Those effects are due to the bioactive compounds of wine pomace and the mechanisms concern especially modulation of antioxidant/prooxidant activity, improvement of nitric oxide bioavailability, reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of antioxidant/inflammatory signal pathways. This review mainly summarizes the mechanisms of wine pomace products as modulators of oxidative status involved in cell pathologies as well as their potential therapeutic use for cardiovascular diseases. For this purpose, the review provides an overview of the findings related to the wine pomace bioactive compounds profile, their bioavailability and the action mechanisms for maintaining the redox cell balance involved in health benefits. The review suggests an important role for wine pomace product in cardiovascular diseases prevention and their regular food intake may attenuate the development and progression of comorbidities associated with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Gerardi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Mónica Cavia-Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Pilar Muñiz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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Sirohi R, Tarafdar A, Singh S, Negi T, Gaur VK, Gnansounou E, Bharathiraja B. Green processing and biotechnological potential of grape pomace: Current trends and opportunities for sustainable biorefinery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123771. [PMID: 32653247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grape pomace is a high quality biodegradable residue of the winery industry. It is comprised of grape seed, skin and stalks, and is blessed with substantial quantities of phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins with high antioxidant potential. Currently, there is huge emphasis on the isolation of bioactive molecules of grape pomace using green technologies such as microwave, ultrasound, supercritical fluids, high voltage discharge, enzymatic methods and other hybrid techniques. The major applications of these bioactives are contemplatedas nutraceuticals and extension in shelf-life of perishable foodstuffs. Alternatively, the crude form of grape pomace residues can be used for the production of energy, biofertilizers, biochar, biopolymers, composites, feed for ruminants and also, mushroom cultivation through microbial processing. This review discusses value-addition to grape pomace through biotechnological interventions and green processing, providing state-of-art knowledge on current scenario and opportunities for sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India.
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Division of Livestock Production and Management, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Shikhangi Singh
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India
| | - Taru Negi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Edgard Gnansounou
- Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Bharathiraja
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600 062, India
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8
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Grape pomace polyphenols improve insulin response to a standard meal in healthy individuals: A pilot study. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2727-2734. [PMID: 30573355 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dietary polyphenols have beneficial effects on glucose/lipid metabolism in subjects at high risk to develop type 2 diabetes; however, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We aimed to evaluate: 1) the acute effects of the consumption of a drink rich in polyphenols from red grape pomace (RGPD) on glucose/insulin and triglyceride responses to a standard meal in healthy individuals, and, 2) the relationship between plasma levels of phenolic metabolites and metabolic parameters. METHODS Twelve healthy men, aged 20-40 years participated in a randomized, controlled study according to a cross-over design. After a 3-day low-polyphenol diet, all participants consumed, on two different days and separated by a one week interval, after an overnight fast, a drink rich in polyphenols (1.562 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE)) or a control drink (CD, no polyphenols), followed after 3 h by a standard meal (960 kcal, 18% protein, 30% fat, 52% CHO). Blood samples were taken at fasting, 3 h after the drink, over 5 h after the standard meal and at fasting on the next day to measure plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglyceride and phenolic metabolites. RESULTS Glycemic and triglyceride post-meal responses were similar after both the RGPD and the control drink. In contrast, postprandial insulin incremental area (iAUC0-5h) was 31% lower (p < 0.05), insulin secretion index was 18% lower (p < 0.016) and insulin sensitivity (SI) index was 36% higher (p = 0.037) after the RGPD compared to CD. Among phenolic metabolites, gallic acid correlated inversely with the insulin response (r = -0.604; p = 0.032) and positively with the SI index (r = 0.588, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS RGPD consumption acutely reduced postprandial insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity. This effect could be likely related to the increase in gallic acid levels. This drink, added to usual diet, could contribute to increase the daily intake of polyphenols, with potential health benefits. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT02865278.
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Kalli E, Lappa I, Bouchagier P, Tarantilis PA, Skotti E. Novel application and industrial exploitation of winery by-products. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-018-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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The Acute Effects of Caffeinated Black Coffee on Cognition and Mood in Healthy Young and Older Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101386. [PMID: 30274327 PMCID: PMC6213082 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive and mood benefits of coffee are often attributed to caffeine. However, emerging evidence indicates behavioural effects of non-caffeine components within coffee, suggesting the potential for direct or synergistic effects of these compounds when consumed with caffeine in regular brewed coffee. The current randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced-crossover study compared the effects of regular coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and placebo on measures of cognition and mood. Age and sex effects were explored by comparing responses of older (61–80 years, N = 30) and young (20–34 years, N = 29) males and females. Computerised measures of episodic memory, working memory, attention, and subjective state were completed at baseline and 30 min post-drink. Regular coffee produced the expected effects of decreased reaction time and increased alertness when compared to placebo. When compared to decaffeinated coffee, increased digit vigilance accuracy and decreased tiredness and headache ratings were observed. Decaffeinated coffee also increased alertness when compared to placebo. Higher jittery ratings following regular coffee in young females and older males represented the only interaction of sex and age with treatment. These findings suggest behavioural activity of coffee beyond its caffeine content, raising issues with the use of decaffeinated coffee as a placebo and highlighting the need for further research into its psychoactive effects.
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Uebelhack R, Bongartz U, Tan BK, Seibt S. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover clinical investigation to evaluate the effect of IQP-VV-102 on postprandial blood glucose reduction. PHARMANUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lambert K, Hokayem M, Thomas C, Fabre O, Cassan C, Bourret A, Bernex F, Feuillet-Coudray C, Notarnicola C, Mercier J, Avignon A, Bisbal C. Combination of nutritional polyphenols supplementation with exercise training counteracts insulin resistance and improves endurance in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2885. [PMID: 29440695 PMCID: PMC5811550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Separately, polyphenols and exercise are known to prevent insulin resistance (IR) but their combined curative effects on established obesity and IR require further investigation. Therefore, we compared the metabolic effects of a combination of exercise and grape polyphenols supplementation in obese IR rats with high-fat diet (EXOPP) to the effect of high-fat diet alone (HF) or with a nutritional supplementation of grape polyphenols (PP) or with endurance exercise (EXO) during 8 wks. We observed an improvement of systemic and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in EXO and EXOPP rats. EXOPP rats compared to HF rats presented a lower insulinemia and HOMA-IR with higher liver and muscle glycogen contents. Interestingly, EXOPP rats had a 68% enhanced endurance capacity compared to EXO rats with also a higher activation of AMPK compared to sedentary and EXO rats with increased lipid oxidation. Together, our results suggest that grape polyphenols supplementation combined with exercise has a synergistic effect by increasing muscle lipid oxidation and sparing glycogen utilization which thus enhances endurance capacity. Our data highlight that in cases of established obesity and IR, the combination of nutritional grape polyphenols supplementation and exercise heighten and intensify their individual metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lambert
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France.
| | - Marie Hokayem
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Claire Thomas
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France.,University d'Evry Val d'Essonne, département STAPS. François Mitterrand Boulevard, 91025, Evry, France
| | - Odile Fabre
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Cécile Cassan
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Annick Bourret
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Florence Bernex
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | | | - Cécile Notarnicola
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Jacques Mercier
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Avignon
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Bisbal
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214. 34295, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
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Acute Post-Prandial Cognitive Effects of Brown Seaweed Extract in Humans. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010085. [PMID: 29342865 PMCID: PMC5793313 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(Poly)phenols and, specifically, phlorotannins present in brown seaweeds have previously been shown to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase, key enzymes involved in the breakdown and intestinal absorption of carbohydrates. Related to this are observations of modulation of post-prandial glycemic response in mice and increased insulin sensitivity in humans when supplemented with seaweed extract. However, no studies to date have explored the effect of seaweed extract on cognition. The current randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel groups study examined the impact of a brown seaweed extract on cognitive function post-prandially in 60 healthy adults (N = 30 per group). Computerized measures of episodic memory, attention and subjective state were completed at baseline and 5 times at 40 min intervals over a 3 h period following lunch, with either seaweed or placebo consumed 30 min prior to lunch. Analysis was conducted with linear mixed models controlling for baseline. Seaweed led to significant improvements to accuracy on digit vigilance (p = 0.035) and choice reaction time (p = 0.043) tasks. These findings provide the first evidence for modulation of cognition with seaweed extract. In order to explore the mechanism underlying these effects, future research should examine effects on cognition in parallel with blood glucose and insulin responses.
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Castro-Acosta ML, Stone SG, Mok JE, Mhajan RK, Fu CI, Lenihan-Geels GN, Corpe CP, Hall WL. Apple and blackcurrant polyphenol-rich drinks decrease postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin response to a high-carbohydrate meal in healthy men and women. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 49:53-62. [PMID: 28886437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial glycemic responses to meals are inhibited by polyphenol-rich plant foods. Combinations of polyphenols may be particularly effective through complementary mechanisms. A randomized, controlled, double-blinded cross-over trial was conducted in healthy volunteers to test the hypothesis that apple and blackcurrant polyphenol-rich drinks would reduce postprandial blood glucose concentrations. Secondary outcomes included insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) secretion. Twenty men (mean age 26 y, SD 8) and 5 postmenopausal women (mean age 57 y, SD 3) consumed a placebo drink (CON) and 2 polyphenol-rich drinks containing fruit extracts: either 1200 mg apple polyphenols (AE), or 600 mg apple polyphenols+600 mg blackcurrant anthocyanins (AE+BE), in random order with a starch and sucrose meal. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for plasma glucose concentrations were lower following AE+BE over 0-30 and 0-120 min compared with CON; mean differences (95% CI) -32 mmol/L·min (-41, -22, P<.0005) and -52 mmol/L min (-94, -9, P<.05), respectively. AE significantly reduced iAUC 0-30 min (mean difference -26 mmol/L min, -35, -18, P<.0005) compared with CON, but the difference over 120 min was not significant. Postprandial insulin, C-peptide and GIP concentrations were significantly reduced relative to CON. A dose response inhibition of glucose transport was demonstrated in Caco-2 cells, including total and GLUT-mediated transport, and SGLT1-mediated glucose transport was strongly inhibited at all doses in Xenopus oocytes, following 10 min incubation with 0.125-4 mg apple polyphenols/ml. In conclusion, ingestion of apple and blackcurrant polyphenols decreased postprandial glycemia, which may be partly related to inhibition of intestinal glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Castro-Acosta
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Stephanie G Stone
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jonathan E Mok
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Rhia K Mhajan
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Chi-Ieng Fu
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Georgia N Lenihan-Geels
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Christopher P Corpe
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Wendy L Hall
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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15
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Balisteiro DM, Araujo RLD, Giacaglia LR, Genovese MI. Effect of clarified Brazilian native fruit juices on postprandial glycemia in healthy subjects. Food Res Int 2017; 100:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Yang K, Chan CB. Proposed mechanisms of the effects of proanthocyanidins on glucose homeostasis. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:642-657. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Haskell-Ramsay CF, Stuart RC, Okello EJ, Watson AW. Cognitive and mood improvements following acute supplementation with purple grape juice in healthy young adults. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56:2621-2631. [PMID: 28429081 PMCID: PMC5682870 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Berry-derived phenolic compounds found in grapes have been associated with a number of health benefits, including the augmentation of human brain function and cognition. Previous intervention studies of Concord grape juice have demonstrated improvement to memory and driving ability following 3- to 4-month supplementation in middle-aged and older adults. However, no studies to date have demonstrated acute cognitive benefits of grape juice, and investigation of these effects in young adults is lacking. Methods This randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced-crossover study, assessed the effects of 230 ml purple grape juice or sugar-matched control in 20 healthy young adults. Computerised measures of episodic memory, working memory, attention and mood were completed at baseline and following a 20-min absorption period. Results Purple grape juice significantly improved reaction time on a composite attention measure (p = 0.047) and increased calm ratings (p = 0.046) when compared to placebo. Order effects also indicated an enduring positive effect on pre-dose memory reaction time (p = 0.018) and post-dose calm ratings (p = 0.019) when purple grape was consumed first. Conclusions These findings in a small sample of healthy young adults suggest that purple grape juice can acutely enhance aspects of cognition and mood. No significant effects of juice were observed on memory measures, suggesting that these may be less susceptible to manipulation following acute supplementation in healthy young adults. Potential mechanisms underlying these effects include modulation of cerebral blood flow, glucoregulation and inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity, all of which require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Haskell-Ramsay
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - R C Stuart
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - E J Okello
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - A W Watson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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18
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Do grape polyphenols improve metabolic syndrome components? A systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1381-1392. [PMID: 28145414 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Epidemiological, in vitro and animal studies suggest that grape polyphenols, such as those present in wine, have favorable effects on the metabolic syndrome. However, controversy remains whether treatment with grape polyphenols is effective in humans. Here, we aimed to systemically review the effects of grape polyphenols on metabolic syndrome components in humans. SUBJECTS/METHODS We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane database for all clinical trials assessing the effects of grape polyphenols on insulin sensitivity, glycemia, blood pressure or lipid levels. We screened all titles and reviewed abstracts of potentially relevant studies. Full papers were assessed for eligibility and quality-rated according to the Jadad scale by two independent assessors. RESULTS Thirty-nine studies met the eligibility criteria. In individuals without component criteria of the metabolic syndrome, only low- and medium-quality studies were found with primarily neutral results. In individuals with the metabolic syndrome or related conditions, one of two high-quality studies suggested improvement in insulin sensitivity. Glycemia was improved in 2 of 11 lower-quality studies and 2 of 4 high-quality studies. Seven of 22 studies demonstrated a significant decrease in blood pressure, but only one was of high quality. Two of four high-quality studies pointed towards effects on total cholesterol while other lipidemic parameters were not affected. CONCLUSIONS No compelling data exist that grape polyphenols can positively influence glycemia, blood pressure or lipid levels in individuals with or without the metabolic syndrome. Limited evidence suggests that grape polyphenols may improve insulin sensitivity.
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Downing LE, Edgar D, Ellison PA, Ricketts ML. Mechanistic insight into nuclear receptor-mediated regulation of bile acid metabolism and lipid homeostasis by grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE). Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:12-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Downing
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences; University of Nevada Reno; Reno Nevada USA
| | - Daniel Edgar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Nevada Reno; Reno Nevada USA
| | - Patricia A. Ellison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Nevada Reno; Reno Nevada USA
| | - Marie-Louise Ricketts
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences; University of Nevada Reno; Reno Nevada USA
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20
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Downing LE, Ferguson BS, Rodriguez K, Ricketts ML. A grape seed procyanidin extract inhibits HDAC activity leading to increased Pparα phosphorylation and target-gene expression. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27624175 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as epigenetic regulators of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS), and certain botanical extracts have proven to be potent HDAC inhibitors. Understanding the role of dietary procyanidins in HDAC inhibition is important in exploring the therapeutic potential of natural products. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were gavaged with vehicle (water) or grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE, 250 mg/kg) and terminated 14 h later. Liver and serum were harvested to assess the effect of GSPE on HDAC activity, histone acetylation, Pparα activity and target-gene expression, and serum lipid levels. RESULTS GSPE increased histone acetylation and decreased Class I HDAC activity in vivo, and dose-dependently inhibited recombinant HDAC2 and 3 activities in vitro. Accordingly, Pparα gene and phosphorylated protein expression were increased, as were target genes involved in fatty acid catabolism, suggesting increased Pparα activity. Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) was elevated, and triglyceride levels were reduced by 28%. CONCLUSION GSPE regulates HDAC and Pparα activities to modulate lipid catabolism and reduce serum triglycerides in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Downing
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Bradley S Ferguson
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kelvin Rodriguez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Marie-Louise Ricketts
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
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Coe S, Ryan L. Impact of polyphenol-rich sources on acute postprandial glycaemia: a systematic review. J Nutr Sci 2016; 5:e24. [PMID: 27547387 PMCID: PMC4976115 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, evidence suggests a role for polyphenols in blood glucose control. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of polyphenol-rich sources in combination with carbohydrate sources on resulting postprandial glycaemic and insulin responses. A literature search was conducted using Medline, CINHAL and Web of Science databases. Selected studies included randomised controlled trials in which the association of polyphenol-containing food or beverage consumption with a carbohydrate source and effect on acute postprandial glycaemia and/or insulin was reported. A total of thirteen full articles were included in the review. Polyphenol sources included coffee, black tea, fruit juice, plant extracts, berries and different rye breads, and carbohydrate sources included bread, pancakes and simple sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose. Although glycaemic and insulin responses differed depending on the polyphenol-carbohydrate combination, overall, polyphenol sources were shown to reduce the peak and early-phase glycaemic response and maintain the glycaemic response in the later stages of digestion. To a lesser extent, polyphenol sources were also shown to reduce peak insulin response and sustain the insulin response, especially when consumed with bread. This review supports epidemiological data suggesting that polyphenols in foods and beverages may have a beneficial effect on reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the extent of this effect is variable depending on the polyphenol and carbohydrate source.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Coe
- Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - L. Ryan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Republic of Ireland
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22
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Coe S, Ryan L. White bread enriched with polyphenol extracts shows no effect on glycemic response or satiety, yet may increase postprandial insulin economy in healthy participants. Nutr Res 2016; 36:193-200. [PMID: 26612114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from different plant sources have been shown to modify starch digestion from carbohydrate-rich foods and lower resulting glycemia. It was hypothesized that extracts rich in polyphenols, added to white bread, would improve the glycemic response and insulin response and increase satiety in healthy participants. An in vitro dose-response analysis was performed to determine the optimal dose of a variety of extracts (baobab fruit extract, green tea extract, grape seed extract, and resveratrol) for reducing rapidly digestible starch in white bread. The 2 extracts with the greatest sugar reducing potential were then used for the human study in which 13 volunteers (9 female and 4 male) were recruited for a crossover trial of 3 different meals. On separate days, participants consumed a control white bread, white bread with green tea extract (0.4%), and white bread with baobab fruit extract (1.88%). Glycemic response, insulin response, and satiety were measured 3 hours postprandially. Although enriched breads did not reduce glycemic response or hunger, white bread with added baobab fruit extract significantly (P < .05) reduced the total (0-180 minutes) and segmental insulin area under the curve at 0 to 90, 0 to 120, and 0 to 150 minutes, and therefore reduced the amount of insulin needed for a given blood glucose response. This preliminary research suggests that there is potential for baobab fruit extract added into white bread to improve insulin economy in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Coe
- Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Lisa Ryan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, 264 Ferntree Gully Rd, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Natural Sciences, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Rd, Galway, Ireland.
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Mechanisms by which cocoa flavanols improve metabolic syndrome and related disorders. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 35:1-21. [PMID: 27560446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dietary administration of cocoa flavanols may be an effective complementary strategy for alleviation or prevention of metabolic syndrome, particularly glucose intolerance. The complex flavanol composition of cocoa provides the ability to interact with a variety of molecules, thus allowing numerous opportunities to ameliorate metabolic diseases. These interactions likely occur primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, where native cocoa flavanol concentration is high. Flavanols may antagonize digestive enzymes and glucose transporters, causing a reduction in glucose excursion, which helps patients with metabolic disorders maintain glucose homeostasis. Unabsorbed flavanols, and ones that undergo enterohepatic recycling, will proceed to the colon where they can exert prebiotic effects on the gut microbiota. Interactions with the gut microbiota may improve gut barrier function, resulting in attenuated endotoxin absorption. Cocoa may also positively influence insulin signaling, possibly by relieving insulin-signaling pathways from oxidative stress and inflammation and/or via a heightened incretin response. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms that underlie these outcomes, critically review the current body of literature related to those mechanisms, explore the implications of these mechanisms for therapeutic utility, and identify emerging or needed areas of research that could advance our understanding of the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of cocoa flavanols.
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24
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El-Abhar HS, Schaalan MF. Phytotherapy in diabetes: Review on potential mechanistic perspectives. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:176-197. [PMID: 24748931 PMCID: PMC3990312 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widely spread epidemic disease that results from the absence of insulin, decreased secretion and/or impaired function. Since DM is a multi-factorial disease, the available pharmaceuticals, despite their sensible treatment, target mostly one pathway to control hyperglycemia and encounter several side effects. Therefore, new therapeutic paradigms aim to hit several pathways using only one agent. Traditionally, antidiabetic plants and/or their active constituents may fulfill this need. More than 200 species of plants possess antidiabetic properties which were evaluated mostly by screening tests without digging far for the exact mode of action. Searching among the different literature resources and various database and in view of the above aspects, the present article provides a comprehensive review on the available antidiabetic plants that have been approved by pharmacological and clinical evaluations, and which their mechanism(s) of action is assured. These plants are categorized according to their proved mode of action and are classified into those that act by inhibiting glucose absorption from intestine, increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, inhibiting glucose production from hepatocytes, or enhancing glucose uptake by adipose and muscle tissues. The current review also highlights those that mimic in their action the new peptide analogs, such as exenatide, liraglutide and dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors that increase glucagon-like peptide-1 serum concentration and slow down the gastric emptying.
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