• Chronic hyperglycemia
• Defecography
• Gestational diabetes mellitus
• Multiparity
• Obesity
• Pelvic floor ultrasonography
• Pelvic organ prolapse

• maternal and child health
• prenatal care
• pre‐school
• weight gain during pregnancy

• Humans
• Female
• Pregnancy
• Child, Preschool
• Gestational Weight Gain
• Longitudinal Studies
• Prospective Studies
• Adult
• Brazil/epidemiology
• Body Mass Index
• Male
• Infant
• Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology
• Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology
• Infant, Newborn
• Weight Gain/physiology
• Fetal Growth Retardation/epidemiology

• Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)
• Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq
• 2016-0447 Research and Events Incentive Fund-Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre

• breastfeeding outcomes
• colostrum
• hand expressing human milk
• prenatal breastfeeding education

• Humans
• Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data
• Female
• Rural Population/statistics & numerical data
• Adult
• Prenatal Education/methods
• Pregnancy
• Milk, Human
• Texas
• Time Factors
• Young Adult
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn

• Gestational diabetes mellitus
• Levator ani muscle hiatus
• Pelvic organ prolapse
• Ultrasound

• antioxidant
• antioxidants
• cardiovascular disease
• diet
• fibre
• nutrient
• omega-3 fat acid

• Humans
• Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
• Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy
• Nutrients
• Diet
• Animals
• Vitamins/therapeutic use
• Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage

• BMI-z trajectory
• children aged 0–5 years
• gestational weight gain
• latent class growth model
• prepregnant BMI

• Child
• Child, Preschool
• China/epidemiology
• Cohort Studies
• Female
• Gestational Weight Gain
• Humans
• Overweight/epidemiology
• Pregnancy
• Weight Gain

• body mass index trajectory
• gestational metabolic syndrome
• interaction
• polygenic risk
• prospective birth cohort study
• sex discrepancy

• Birth Cohort
• Body Mass Index
• Child
• Cohort Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Metabolic Syndrome/etiology
• Metabolic Syndrome/genetics
• Obesity, Maternal
• Overweight/complications
• Pediatric Obesity/complications
• Pregnancy

To describe the body composition in preschool children and to evaluate the association with prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG).

Children were recruited in their first year in kindergarten (3 years old) and followed up for the next 2 years. Information during pregnancy and birth was retrieved from medical records. Height, weight, fat mass, fat-free mass, and percentage of body fat (FM%) were measured through a bioelectrical impedance analysis for each child visit, and BMI, fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to evaluate the associations between prepregnancy weight, GWG, and adiposity indicators.

A total of 3,329 single-birth 3-year-old children were recruited as the baseline population and were followed at 4 and 5 years old. During the 3 years of follow-up, the mean (±SD) values of BMI, FMI, FFMI, and FM% of the children were 15.6 (±1.6) kg/m², 2.8 (±1.3) kg/m², 12.8 (±0.7) kg/m², and 17.2% (±5.8%), respectively. The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in mothers before pregnancy were 16.6 and 3.2%, respectively. Mothers were divided into three groups based on GWG: appropriate (1,233, 37.0%), excessive (767, 23.0%), and insufficient (1,329, 39.9%). GLMMs analyses showed that the preschool children’s BMI, FMI, FFMI, and FM% were all significantly positively related to maternal prepregnancy BMI and GWG (all P < 0.001); the children of mothers who were overweight/obese before pregnancy were more likely to be overweight/obese, high FMI, high FFMI, and high FM% at preschool age (all P < 0.001); although maternal excessive GWG was not correlated with offspring’s overweight/obese (P = 0.156), the children of mothers with excessive GWG are more likely to have higher FMI, but not to be with a higher FFMI status than the children of mothers with appropriate GWG. For prepregnancy overweight/obese women, compared with the GWG-appropriate group, maternal excessive GWG was related to the risk of high FMI (coefficient = 0.388, 95% CI: 0.129–0.647) and high FM% (coefficient = 0.352, 95% CI: 0.097–0.607), but was not related to the risk of overweight/obese or high FFMI of the offspring at preschool age.

Fat mass index decreased with age, while FFMI increased with age among 3- to 5-year-old children. It is necessary to optimize maternal weight prior to conception and GWG management to improve the health outcomes of the offspring.

• body composition
• body fat
• cohort study
• gestational weight
• gestational weight gain
• obesity
• prepregnant BMI
• preschool children child adiposity

• Body composition
• Child
• Diabetes
• Gestational
• Growth

The association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and childhood body weight remains controversial, and additional study is needed, especially in Asian populations.

This prospective study investigated the association between maternal glucose concentration, and GDM status and infant body weight from birth to 12 months of age. Linear mixed effects (LME) models and multiple linear regression were used to assess the longitudinal association of GDM with infant growth measured by weight-for-length z-scores (WFLZ), weight-for-age z-scores (WFAZ), and length-for-age z-scores (LFAZ) at birth, 1, 3, 6, 8, and 12 months of age.

Offspring born to mothers with GDM had higher WFLZ [β: 0.26 SD units (95% CI: 0.13–0.40)] across infancy than those of mothers without GDM. When stratified analysis by maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) status, the association was pronounced in normal-weight [β:0.28 SD units (95% CI: 0.11–0.45)] and overweight/obese women [β: 0.34 SD units (95% CI: 0.09–0.58)] but not in underweight women (P for interaction < 0.05). Multiple linear regression found that the effect estimate of GDM on infant WFLZ was highest at birth [β: 0.36 SD units (95% CI: 0.11–0.61)], remained significant at 1 [β: 0.22 SD units (95% CI: 0.03–0.41)] and 3 [β:0.19 SD units (95% CI: 0.01–0.37)] months of age and decreased across infancy. Maternal GDM status was not associated with infant WFAZ or LFAZ.

Maternal GDM status was associated with infant WFLZ, but not WFAZ or LFAZ. The association between GDM status and offspring WFLZ was more pronounced in early infancy or in normal-weight and overweight/obese women. Increased public health efforts to prevent GDM in normal-weight and overweight/obese pre-pregnancy mothers are recommended to control offspring overweight or obesity.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-020-03494-7.

• Birth cohort
• Gestational diabetes mellitus
• Infancy
• Obesity
• Pregnancy

The present study was designed to determine the effects of pineal gland-derived melatonin on obesity by employing a rat pinealectomy (Pnx) model. After 10 weeks of a high-fat diet, rats received sham or Pnx surgery followed by a normal chow diet for 10 weeks. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting analysis, immunohistochemistry and ELISA were used to determine the effects of Pnx. Pnx decreased the expression of melatonin receptor (MTNR)1A and MTNR1B, in brown adipose tissues (BAT) and white adipose tissues (WAT). Pnx rats showed increased insulin sensitivity compared with those that received sham surgery. Leptin levels were significantly decreased in the serum of the Pnx group. In addition, Pnx stimulated thermogenic genes in BAT and attenuated lipogenic genes in both WAT and the liver. Histological analyses revealed a marked decrease in the size of lipid droplets and increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 in BAT. In the liver of the Pnx group, the size and number of lipid droplets had also decreased. In conclusion, the results presented in the current study suggested that Pnx increases thermogenesis in BAT and decreases lipogenesis in WAT and the liver.

The purpose of the present study was to provide an empirical verification of the Circle of Discontent with an assessment of its relationship to restrained and uncontrolled eating among children and adolescents. This study examined whether our results confirm a new hypothesized model. The total sample comprised 282 children and adolescents (148 girls and 134 boys; 141 participants with normal body weight and 141 with obesity). The mean age was 12.23 years (SD = 2.80), and the average BMI (body mass index) was 23.29 kg/m² (SD = 6.27). The following were used: Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children, Children’s Body Image Scale, Figure Rating Scale, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Eating Disorders in Youth. The obtained values of the model fit indices proved the goodness of fit. Our findings show that obesity accompanies body dissatisfaction and uncontrolled and restrictive eating. Moreover, the higher the level of restrictive eating, the lower the level of uncontrolled eating. The relationships between body dissatisfaction, negative affect and restrictive eating, as well as that between uncontrolled eating and high-energy consumption, are significant and positive. Other relationships are non-significant. The above-mentioned relationships established in the Circle of Discontent, as well as relationships of restrained and uncontrolled eating with variables described in the circle, were confirmed. Based on our results, preventive strategies and psychological interventions can be created and may include changes in body image, eating behaviors and emotional functioning.

• adolescents
• body dissatisfaction
• childhood obesity
• children
• high-energy consumption
• negative affect
• restrictive eating
• the circle of discontent
• the homeostatic theory of obesity
• uncontrolled eating

• Adolescent
• Adolescent Behavior
• Body Image
• Body Mass Index
• Body Weight
• Child
• Child Behavior
• Eating
• Feeding Behavior
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Obesity/psychology
• Surveys and Questionnaires

• CPT1A
• FTO
• PPAR-α
• breastfeeding
• formula feeding
• infants
• obesity

Snacks, while widely consumed in the United States (U.S.), do not have a standard definition, complicating research to understand associations, if any, with weight status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between snacking frequency and weight status using various snacking definitions that exist in the scientific literature among U.S. adults (NHANES 2013–2016; ≥20y n = 9,711). Four event-based snacking definitions were operationalized including participant-defined snacks, eating events outside of meals, and operationally defined snacks based on absolute thresholds of energy consumed (>50 kcal). Weight status was examined using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and sagittal abdominal diameter risk. Logistic regression models examined snacking frequency and associations with weight status. Outcomes varied by the definition of a snack employed, but the majority of findings were null. Mean energy from snacks was significantly higher among women with obesity compared to women with normal weight when a snack was defined as any event outside of a typical mealtime (i.e. other than breakfast, lunch, dinner, super, brunch), regardless of whether or not it contributed ≥50 kcal. Further investigation into ingestive behaviors that may influence the relationship between snacking frequency and weight status is needed.

• Adult
• Body Mass Index
• Body Weight
• Diet/psychology
• Energy Intake
• Feeding Behavior/psychology
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Meals
• Middle Aged
• Nutrition Surveys
• Obesity/psychology
• Overweight/psychology
• Snacks/classification
• Snacks/psychology
• United States
• Waist Circumference

• Chinese
• eating habits
• overweight and obesity
• school age
• weight status

• Body Mass Index
• Body Weight
• Child
• China
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Feeding Behavior
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Overweight

It has been recognized that people with obesity are more likely to have low growth hormone secretion. Recent studies have also confirmed that the abnormalities of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis were associated with cardiovascular complications in people with obesity. However, little is known about whether recombinant human growth hormone therapy could improve cardiovascular and metabolic risks in obese children. This study aims to evaluate the effect of one-year growth hormone therapy on obesity-related comorbidities and to assess the safety in Chinese boys with obesity. Eighteen boys with obesity were treated with recombinant human growth hormone for one year. Anthropometric measurements, endocrine testing, and cardiovascular risk markers were performed in all obese boys in baseline, and follow-up visits were performed at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and one year, respectively. After one year of recombinant human growth hormone treatment, the body mass index standard deviation scores decreased (P < 0.001) and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels increased (P < 0.001). GH treatment also reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (P < 0.001), triglycerides (P=0.042), and alanine aminotransferase (P=0.027) when compared with the baseline. One-year of recombinant human growth hormone treatment could improve cardiometabolic risk markers, without adverse effects on glucose homeostasis in boys with obesity.

• Adult
• Aged
• Body Mass Index
• Brazil/epidemiology
• Climacteric
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Overweight/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Risk Factors

Background: Hypertension is a direct cardiovascular disease risk. It causes a heavy burden on the healthcare system globally. We aim to assess hypertension occurrence and its associated factors among women and men in Vietnam. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2019 on 2203 community-dwelling women and men aged 18 years or above. Participants’ characteristics, comorbidity, behaviors, and physical measures were evaluated. Hypertension was classified as systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or using antihypertensive medication. We analyzed data using logistic regression models. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 24.3% (20.9% in women, 29.1% in men). For women, older age (odds ratio, OR, 6.80–12.41; p < 0.001), income above the poverty line (OR, 0.64; p = 0.008), diabetes comorbid (OR, 2.98; p < 0.001), added salts consumption (OR, 1.80; p < 0.001), overweight/obesity (OR, 1.64; p = 0.005), abdominal obesity (OR, 2.07; p < 0.001) were associated with hypertension. For men, older age (OR, 2.67–5.92; p < 0.001), diabetes comorbid (OR, 2.25; p = 0.010), smoking (OR, 1.38; p = 0.046), and overweight/obesity (OR, 2.18; p < 0.001) were associated with hypertension. Conclusions: Hypertension is prevalent in Vietnamese people. The associated factors of hypertension are varied by gender.

• Vietnam
• abdominal obesity
• added salts
• diabetes
• hypertension
• obesity
• older age
• overweight
• poverty
• smoking

• risk factors
• epidemiology

• Anthropometry
• Body Weight
• Disease Susceptibility
• Female
• Humans
• Hypertension
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn
• Male
• Maternal Exposure
• Maternal Inheritance
• Overweight
• Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology
• Pediatric Obesity/etiology
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Complications
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors

• National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
• Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges (Grant No. 2016XYZD041)

Obesity is associated with reduced spontaneous and stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion and basal insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) levels—which in turn is associated with increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the association of somatotropic axis with cardiometabolic status; (2) the association of somatotropic axis with the Mediterranean diet and nutritional pattern in people with obesity. Cross-sectional observational study was carried out in 200 adult women, aged 36.98 ± 11.10 years with severe obesity (body mass index—BMI of 45.19 ± 6.30 kg/m²). The adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the total calorie intake was assessed. Anthropometric measurements, body composition and biochemical profile were determined along with Growth Hormone (GH)/Insulin like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) axis and insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance—HoMA-IR). The enrolled subjects were compared after being divided according to GH peak response and according to IGF-1 standard deviation scores (SDS). Derangements of GH peak were detected in 61.5% of studied patients while IGF-1 deficiency was detected in 71% of the population. Both blunted GH peak response and IGF-1 SDS were indicators of derangements of somatotropic axis and were associated with comparable results in terms of cardiometabolic sequelae. Both GH peak and IGF-1 levels were inversely associated with anthropometric and metabolic parameters. The adherence to the Mediterranean diet predicts GH peak response. Fatty liver index (FLI), fat mass (FM) and phase angle (PhA) were predictive factors of GH peak response as well. In conclusion derangements of somatotropic axis is associated with a worse cardiometabolic profile in people with obesity. A high adherence to the Mediterranean diet—and in particular protein intake—was associated with a better GH status.

• GH deficiency
• IGF-1
• Mediterranean diet
• insulin resistance
• obesity

• Blood Glucose/analysis
• C-Reactive Protein/analysis
• Cod Liver Oil/pharmacology
• Diabetes, Gestational/metabolism
• Double-Blind Method
• Female
• Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis
• Humans
• Insulin Resistance
• Lipids/blood
• Pregnancy