• cardiology
• mathematics and computing

• Humans
• Aorta/diagnostic imaging
• Carbon
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine/methods
• Multicenter Studies as Topic

• 801604 HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions

• brain aging
• brain health
• cognitive decline
• ischemic heart disease
• vascular risk factors

• Aortic elasticity
• Aortic-caval ratio
• Dog
• Echocardiography
• Systemic hypertension
• Ultrasonography

• aorta
• cardiovascular disease
• deep learning
• distensibility
• genetics
• strain

• Humans
• Aorta, Thoracic
• Aorta
• Aortic Diseases/pathology
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Stroke

• K08 HL159346 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL139731 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R21 AR080778 NIAMS NIH HHS
• R01 HL092577 NHLBI NIH HHS
• T32 HL007208 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL130113 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL157635 NHLBI NIH HHS

• Humans
• Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/genetics
• Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/therapy
• Aortic Diseases/genetics
• Aorta
• Aortic Coarctation
• Aortic Aneurysm

• K08 HL159346 NHLBI NIH HHS

• CAVI
• arterial hypertension
• arterial stiffness
• cardio-ankle vascular index
• mineral metabolism
• type 2 diabetes mellitus
• vitamin D

• Biomarkers
• Blood Pressure/physiology
• Cardiovascular Diseases/complications
• Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
• Risk Factors
• Vascular Stiffness/physiology

Aortic distensibility (AD) is an important determinant of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. There is scant data on the association between AD measured within the descending thoracic aorta and CV outcomes.

We evaluated the association of AD at the descending thoracic aorta (AD _desc) with the primary outcome of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke or coronary revascularization in patients referred for a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) study.

928 consecutive patients [(mean age 60 ± 17; 33% with prior cardiovascular disease (CVD))] were evaluated. AD _desc was measured at the cross-section of the descending thoracic aorta in the 4-chamber view (via steady-state free precession [SSFP] cine sequences) and was grouped into quintiles (with the 1st quintile corresponding to the least AD, i.e., the stiffest aorta). Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis were performed for the primary outcome.

A total of 315 patients (34%) experienced the primary outcome during a median (25% IQR, 75% IQR) follow-up of 5.0 (0.56, 9.3) years. A decreased AD was significantly associated with hypertension, diabetes, renal disease, and dyslipidemia (p <0.0001). A primary outcome occurred in 43% of patients with AD _desc ≤ median compared to 25% with AD _desc > median, p <0.0001, and in 44% of patients with AD _desc in the 1st quintile compared to 31% with AD _desc in the other quintiles (p = 0.0004). Event free survival was incrementally reduced amongst quintiles (p <0.0001). However, AD _desc ≤ median was not an independent predictor of the primary endpoint after multivariable adjustment in the overall population [adjusted HR 1.09 (95% CI:0.82–1.45), p = 0.518] or in the subgroup analysis of patients with or without prior CVD.

In this real-world cohort of 928 patients referred for CMR, AD _desc is not an independent predictor of CV outcomes.

• Adult
• Aged
• Aorta/diagnostic imaging
• Disease Progression
• Humans
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Middle Aged
• Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic imaging
• Stroke

Overweight/obesity is a growing pandemic that affects many organs and tissues. We have investigated whether a high-lipid diet provokes an imbalance between type 1 and type 2 angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors signaling, leading to liver alterations associated with cardiovascular and kidney disturbances. Chronic administration of a high-lipid diet can provoke hepatocardiorenal syndrome resulting from activation of the Ang II→type 1 receptor axis, which is entirely counteracted by Ang-(3–4), the allosteric enhancer of the Ang II→type 2 receptor pathway.

Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with arterial hypertension. Resistant hypertension is often linked to hyperaldosteronism and associated with adverse outcomes. Spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has been shown to reduce both the arterial blood pressure (BP) and aortic stiffness in resistant hypertension. However, the mechanism of aortic stiffness reduction by spironolactone is not well understood. We hypothesized that spironolactone reduces aortic stiffness in resistant hypertension independently of BP change.

Patients with uncontrolled BP (≥140/90 mm Hg) despite use of ≥3 antihypertensive medications (including diuretics) were prospectively recruited. Participants were started on spironolactone at 25 mg/d, and increased to 50 mg/d at 4 weeks while other antihypertensive medications were withdrawn to maintain constant mean BP. Phase‐contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of the ascending aorta was performed in 30 participants at baseline and after 6 months of spironolactone treatment to measure aortic pulsatility, distensibility, and pulse wave velocity. Pulse wave velocity decreased (6.3±2.3 m/s to 4.5±1.8 m/s, P<0.001) and pulsatility and distensibility increased (15.9%±5.3% to 22.1%±7.9%, P<0.001; and 0.28%±0.10%/mm Hg to 0.40%±0.14%/mm Hg, P<0.001, respectively) following 6 months of spironolactone.

Our results suggest that spironolactone improves aortic properties in resistant hypertension independently of BP, which may support the hypothesis of an effect of aldosterone on the arterial wall. A larger prospective study is needed to confirm our findings.

• aorta
• hyperaldosteronism
• resistant hypertension
• spironolactone

Background: Greater red and processed meat consumption has been linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the impact of these exposures on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) phenotypes has not been adequately studied.

Objective: We describe novel associations of meat intake with cardiovascular phenotypes and investigate underlying mechanisms through consideration of a range of covariates.

Design: We studied 19,408 UK Biobank participants with CMR data available. Average daily red and processed meat consumption was determined through food frequency questionnaires and expressed as a continuous variable. Oily fish was studied as a comparator, previously associated with favourable cardiac outcomes. We considered associations with conventional CMR indices (ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, stroke volume, left ventricular mass), novel CMR radiomics features (shape, first-order, texture), and arterial compliance measures (arterial stiffness index, aortic distensibility). We used multivariable linear regression to investigate relationships between meat intake and cardiovascular phenotypes, adjusting for confounders (age, sex, deprivation, educational level, smoking, alcohol intake, exercise) and potential covariates on the causal pathway (hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, body mass index).

Results: Greater red and processed meat consumption was associated with an unhealthy pattern of biventricular remodelling, worse cardiac function, and poorer arterial compliance. In contrast, greater oily fish consumption was associated with a healthier cardiovascular phenotype and better arterial compliance. There was partial attenuation of associations between red meat and conventional CMR indices with addition of covariates potentially on the causal pathway, indicating a possible mechanistic role for these cardiometabolic morbidities. However, other associations were not altered with inclusion of these covariates, suggesting importance of alternative biological mechanisms underlying these relationships. Radiomics analysis provided deeper phenotyping, demonstrating association of the different dietary habits with distinct ventricular geometry and left ventricular myocardial texture patterns.

Conclusions: Greater red and processed meat consumption is associated with impaired cardiovascular health, both in terms of markers of arterial disease and of cardiac structure and function. Cardiometabolic morbidities appeared to have a mechanistic role in the associations of red meat with ventricular phenotypes, but less so for other associations suggesting importance of alternative mechanism for these relationships.

• cardiovascular disease
• cardiovascular magnetic resonance
• diet
• disease prevention
• meat
• population health
• radiomics

• gastrectomy
• obesity
• vascular stiffness

• UK Biobank
• big data
• cardiovascular magnetic resonance
• epidemiology
• population health

• Biological Specimen Banks
• Female
• Global Health
• Humans
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine
• Male
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Prospective Studies
• United Kingdom
• Ventricular Function, Left

• MC_PC_17228 Medical Research Council
• MC_PC_21003 Medical Research Council
• FS/17/81/33318 British Heart Foundation
• PG/14/89/31194 British Heart Foundation
• MC_QA137853 Medical Research Council

• Algorithms
• Femoral Artery
• Humans
• Pulse Wave Analysis
• Reproducibility of Results

• cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
• hypertension
• insulin resistance (IR)
• magnesium (Mg2+)
• non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
• obesity
• type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

• SAF2017-87301 and RTI2018-096759-A-100 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
• Personal Investigador 2016 Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer
• Grants for Scientific Research Teams 2018 Fundación BBVA
• Severo Ochoa Excellence Accreditation (SEV-2016-0644) Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades

• aging
• cardiovascular disease
• diet
• hypertension
• insulin resistance
• ions
• magnesium
• supplement

• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Aging/blood
• Aging/physiology
• Blood Pressure/physiology
• Dietary Supplements
• Feeding Behavior
• Humans
• Hypertension/epidemiology
• Hypertension/etiology
• Hypertension/prevention & control
• Magnesium/administration & dosage
• Magnesium/blood
• Magnesium Deficiency/blood
• Magnesium Deficiency/complications
• Magnesium Deficiency/diet therapy
• Micronutrients/administration & dosage

• Angiotensin-(3–4)
• Obesity-associated hypertension
• Renin-angiotensin system
• Sodium accumulation
• Sodium-transporting ATPases

• SYNTAX score
• aortic distensibility
• arteriosclerosis
• cardiac magnetic resonance
• premature coronary artery disease

Systemic hypertension (SH) is a persistent and pathological increase in arterial blood pressure (BP). Chronic SH leads to an increase in aortic (Ao) stiffness, and measuring Ao elasticity is useful for estimating Ao stiffness in humans. Currently, no literature in veterinary medicine describes noninvasive assessment of abdominal Ao elasticity in dogs with SH.

Compare ultrasonographic‐derived abdominal Ao strain (AoSt) between hypertensive (HT) and normotensive (NT) dogs.

Fifty privately‐owned dogs with clinical signs, conditions, or both potentially associated with SH.

Prospective observational case‐control study. Aortic stiffness was estimated by calculating AoSt as follows: AoSt = ([AoDs − AoDd]/AoDd) × 100, where AoDs and AoDd are the Ao diameter in systole and in diastole, respectively. Aortic stiffness was calculated from 2 different Ao transverse sections, the first caudal to the left renal artery (K_AoSt), and the second cranial to the external iliac arteries (I_AoSt).

Thirty‐two dogs were included in the HT group and 18 in the NT group. Both K_AoSt and I_AoSt in HT dogs were significantly lower (P < .05) than in NT dogs (7.4 ± SD 3.6) vs 10.3 (±3.8) and 5.7 (interquartile range [IQR], 3.9‐7.5) vs 8.1 (IQR, 7‐10.3), respectively. Only K_AoSt was significantly influenced by age.

Ultrasonographic Ao elasticity assessment was feasible to compare HT and NT dogs. Results indicated that K_AoSt and I_AoSt indices can be used to assess SH‐related Ao stiffness, especially when indirect BP measurements are inconsistent or inaccurate. Additional studies to assess the AoSt in healthy dogs of various ages are needed.

• arterial stiffness
• blood pressure dog
• canine systemic hypertension
• vascular ultrasonography

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by joint hypermobility, connective tissue friability, and vascular fragility. Reliable prognostic factors predicting vascular disease progression (e.g. arterial aneurysms, dissections, and ruptures) in EDS patients are still missing. Recently, applanation tonometry derived augmentation index (AIx), an indirect marker of arterial stiffness, has shown to be positively associated with progression of aortic disease in Marfan syndrome. In this study, we assessed aortic AIx in patients with EDS and matched healthy controls.

We performed noninvasive applanation tonometry in 61 adults with EDS (43 women and 18 men aged 39.3 ± 14.6 years) and 61 age-, gender-, height-, and weight-matched healthy controls. Radial artery pulse waveforms were recorded and analyzed using the SphygmoCor System (AtCor Medical, Sydney, NSW, Australia). Calculated AIx was adjusted to a heart rate of 75/min. Groups were compared and association between AIx and EDS was determined by univariate and multivariate regression analysis.

EDS patients were categorized in classical type EDS (34%), hypermobile type EDS (43%), vascular type EDS (5%), or remained unassignable (18%) due to overlapping features. EDS patients showed a significantly increased aortic AIx compared to healthy controls (22.8% ± 10.1 vs 14.8% ± 14.0, p < 0.001). EDS showed a positive association with AIx; independent of age, sex, height, blood pressure, medication, and pack years of smoking.

Patients with EDS showed elevated AIx, indicating increased arterial stiffness when compared to healthy controls. Further investigations are needed in order to assess the prognostic value of increased AIx for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with EDS.

• Arterial stiffness
• Augmentation index
• Cardiovascular risk
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

The compliance of the proximal aortic wall is a major determinant of cardiac afterload. Aortic compliance is often estimated based on cross-sectional area changes over the pulse pressure, under the assumption of a negligible longitudinal stretch during the pulse. However, the proximal aorta is subjected to significant axial stretch during cardiac contraction. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the importance of axial stretch on compliance estimation by undertaking both an in silico and an in vivo approach. In the computational analysis, we developed a 3-D finite element model of the proximal aorta and investigated the discrepancy between the actual wall compliance to the value estimated after neglecting the longitudinal stretch of the aorta. A parameter sensitivity analysis was further conducted to show how increased material stiffness and increased aortic root motion might amplify the estimation errors (discrepancies between actual and estimated distensibility ranging from − 20 to − 62%). Axial and circumferential aortic deformation during ventricular contraction was also evaluated in vivo based on MR images of the aorta of 3 healthy young volunteers. The in vivo results were in good qualitative agreement with the computational analysis (underestimation errors ranging from − 26 to − 44%, with increased errors reflecting higher aortic root displacement). Both the in silico and in vivo findings suggest that neglecting the longitudinal strain during contraction might lead to severe underestimation of local aortic compliance, particularly in the case of women who tend to have higher aortic root motion or in subjects with stiff aortas.

• Axial stretch
• Cross-sectional area compliance
• Finite element analysis
• Proximal aorta

• Arterial stiffness
• Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity
• Metabolically healthy obesity

• Body mass index
• Obesity
• Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity
• Valsalva ratio
• Waist circumference

• Adult
• Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology
• Baroreflex/physiology
• Blood Pressure/physiology
• Body Mass Index
• Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
• Cluster Analysis
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Independent Living/statistics & numerical data
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Obesity/physiopathology
• Overweight/epidemiology
• Overweight/physiopathology
• Prevalence
• Regression Analysis
• Taiwan/epidemiology
• Valsalva Maneuver/physiology
• Waist Circumference/physiology

Aortic distensibility (AD) represents a well-established parameter of aortic stiffness. It remains unclear, however, whether AD can be obtained with high reproducibility in standard 4-chamber cine CMR images of the descending aorta. This study investigated the intra- and inter-observer agreement of AD based on different angles of the aorta and provided a sample size calculation of AD for future trials.

Thirty-one patients underwent CMR. Angulation of the descending aorta was performed to obtain strictly transversal and orthogonal cross-sectional aortic areas. AD was obtained both area and diameter based.

For area-based values, inter-observer agreement was highest for 4-chamber AD (ICC 0.97; 95% CI 0.93–99), followed by orthogonal AD (ICC 0.96; 95% CI 0.91–98) and transversal AD (ICC 0.93; 95% CI 0.80–97). For diameter-based values, agreement was also highest for 4-chamber AD (ICC 0.97; 95% CI 0.94–99), followed by orthogonal AD (ICC 0.96; 95% CI 0.92–98) and transversal AD (ICC 0.91; 95% CI 0.77–96). Bland–Altman plots confirmed a small variation among observers. Sample size calculation showed a sample size of 12 patients to detect a change in 4-chamber AD of 1 × 10⁻³ mmHg⁻¹ with either the area or diameter approach.

AD measurements are highly reproducible and allow an accurate and rapid assessment of arterial compliance from standard 4-chamber cine CMR.

The online version of this article (10.1007/s00392-019-01525-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• Aortic distensibility
• Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
• Cine MRI
• Compliance
• Reproducibility

Hypertension constitutes one of the most widespread pathological conditions in developed and developing countries. Currently, more than 1 billion people worldwide are affected by the condition, either as frank hypertension or as prehypertension, raising the risk for major long-term complications and life-threatening pathologies. The costs in terms of health care services, medications for the treatment of hypertension and its complications, and associated loss in productivity represent a major economic burden for the various countries. The necessity of developing treatments that are economically more sustainable and with better compliance has been increasing alongside the incidence of the pathology. Along these lines, attention has been paid to the implementation of affordable but nutritious diets that deliver appropriate levels of macro- and micronutrients as integral part of the diets themselves or as supplements. In particular, experimental and clinical evidence suggests that an appropriate intake of dietary magnesium can be beneficial in controlling blood pressure. Additional advantages of a more diffuse therapeutic and/or preventive utilization of magnesium supplements are the virtual absence of side-effects and their affordable costs. The present review will attempt to frame our knowledge of how magnesium exerts its beneficial effects on blood pressure maintenance, which may lead to the development of more effective treatments of hypertension and its main complications.

• arterial stiffness
• cognitive decline
• dementia
• hypertension
• vascular ageing
• vascular risk factors

The purpose of this study is to propose a novel method for assessing dynamic elastance of the superficial arterial wall using the sinusoidal minute vibration method.

A sinusoidal signal was used to drive a vibrator which induced a displacement of 0.15 mm with a frequency range between 40 and 85 Hz. The vibrator closely contacted with the wall of a superficial radial artery, and caused the arterial wall to shift simultaneously. A force sensor attached to the tip of the vibrator was used to pick up the reactive force exerted by the radial arterial wall. According to the Voigt and Maxwell models, a linear relationship was found between the maximum reactive force and the squared angular frequency of the vibration. The intercept of the linear function represents the arterial wall elastance. In order to validate the feasibility of our method, twenty-nine healthy subjects were recruited and the wall elastances of their radial arteries were measured at room temperature (25 °C), after a 5-min cold stress (4 °C) and a 5-min hot stress (42 °C), respectively.

After the 5-min cold stimulation, the maximum radial wall elastance significantly increased from 0.441 ± 0.182 × 10⁶ dyne/cm to 0.611 ± 0.251 × 10⁶ dyne/cm (p = 0.001). In the 5-min hot stress, the maximum radial wall elastance significantly decreased to 0.363 ± 0.106 × 10⁶ dyne/cm (p = 0.013).

The sinusoidal minute vibration method proposed can be employed to obtain the quantitative elastance of a superficial artery under different thermal conditions, and to help assess the severity of arterial stiffness in conduit arteries.

• Arterial stiffness
• Dynamic elastance
• Minute vibration method

Type 2 diabetes is frequently associated with both extracellular and intracellular magnesium (Mg) deficits. A chronic latent Mg deficit or an overt clinical hypomagnesemia is common in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in those with poorly controlled glycemic profiles. Insulin and glucose are important regulators of Mg metabolism. Intracellular Mg plays a key role in regulating insulin action, insulin-mediated-glucose-uptake and vascular tone. Reduced intracellular Mg concentrations result in a defective tyrosine-kinase activity, postreceptorial impairment in insulin action and worsening of insulin resistance in diabetic patients. A low Mg intake and an increased Mg urinary loss appear the most important mechanisms that may favor Mg depletion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Low dietary Mg intake has been related to the development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Benefits of Mg supplementation on metabolic profiles in diabetic patients have been found in most, but not all clinical studies and larger prospective studies are needed to support the potential role of dietary Mg supplementation as a possible public health strategy in diabetes risk. The aim of this review is to revise current evidence on the mechanisms of Mg deficiency in diabetes and on the possible role of Mg supplementation in the prevention and management of the disease.

• Magnesium
• Type 2 diabetes
• Metabolic syndrome
• Inflammation
• Aging
• Hypertension
• Insulin resistance
• Endothelium

• DEXA
• adiponectin
• arterial stiffness
• blood pressure
• central obesity
• hypertension
• lean mass
• normal weight obesity
• pulse wave velocity.

• Adiposity
• Adult
• Female
• Healthy Volunteers
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Pulse Wave Analysis
• Vascular Stiffness

• Arterial stiffness
• Blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Flow mediated dilatation
• Magnesium
• Metabolic syndrome
• Positive family history

• Adult
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Blood Pressure/drug effects
• Cholesterol, HDL/blood
• Cholesterol, LDL/blood
• Cross-Over Studies
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
• Dietary Supplements
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Double-Blind Method
• Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
• Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
• Endpoint Determination
• Healthy Volunteers
• Humans
• Hypertension/metabolism
• Magnesium/administration & dosage
• Male
• Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
• Risk Factors
• Triglycerides/blood
• Vascular Stiffness
• Young Adult

Background. One third of Indian population is said to be suffering from chronic energy deficiency (CED), with increased risk of developing chronic diseases. A new anthropometric measure called A Body Shape Index (ABSI) is said to be a better index in predicting risks for premature mortality. ABSI is also in part said to be a surrogate of visceral fat. Objective. The present study aimed to explore the association between indices of HRV (heart rate variability), BMI, WC, and ABSI in healthy Indian males with low BMI (BMI < 18.5 kg/m²) and to compare with normal BMI group (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m²). Methodology. ABSI and BMI were derived from anthropometric parameters, namely, height, weight, and waist circumference in 178 males aged 18 to 78 years. Subjects were categorized into two groups based on their BMI. Results and Conclusions. Power spectral analysis of HRV demonstrated a significant negative correlation between Log HF (high frequency) and ABSI in both low BMI [−24.2 (9.4), P < 0.05] and normal BMI group [−23.41 (10.1), P < 0.05] even after controlling for age. Thus even with slight increase in BMI among low BMI individuals, there could be a greater risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

• Acute myocardial infarction
• Aortic stiffness
• Cardiac magnetic resonance
• Distensibility coefficients
• Local aortic elastic properties
• Pulse wave velocity

• arterial stiffness
• pulse wave velocity
• aortic distensibility
• total arterial compliance
• cardiovascular magnetic resonance

• Adult
• Age Factors
• Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
• Blood Pressure
• Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis
• Cardiovascular Diseases/ethnology
• Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality
• Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
• Compliance
• Female
• Heart Rate
• Humans
• Incidence
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate
• Linear Models
• Longitudinal Studies
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Multivariate Analysis
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Prognosis
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Pulse Wave Analysis
• Risk Factors
• Stroke Volume
• Texas/epidemiology
• Time Factors
• Vascular Stiffness
• Ventricular Function, Left

• UL1 TR001105 NCATS NIH HHS
• M01-RR00633 NCRR NIH HHS

• arterial diameter
• arterial remodeling
• arterial stiffness
• blood pressure
• hypertension
• obesity.

• Adult
• Aorta/physiology
• Blood Pressure
• Body Mass Index
• Brachial Artery/pathology
• Brachial Artery/physiology
• Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
• Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
• Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
• Humans
• Male
• Obesity/pathology
• Obesity/physiopathology
• Overweight/pathology
• Overweight/physiopathology
• Pulse Wave Analysis
• Vascular Stiffness

• R01 HL093249 NHLBI NIH HHS
• 1R01HL093249-01A1 NHLBI NIH HHS

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Blood Flow Velocity
• Blood Glucose/analysis
• Blood Pressure
• Body Mass Index
• C-Peptide/blood
• C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
• Carotid Arteries/diagnostic imaging
• Carotid Arteries/physiopathology
• Case-Control Studies
• Humans
• Insulin/blood
• Insulin Resistance
• Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
• Male
• Obesity/complications
• Pulsatile Flow
• Statistics, Nonparametric
• Triglycerides/blood
• Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed
• Vascular Resistance
• Waist Circumference

• arteries
• arterial stiffness
• carotid intima-media thickness
• obesity
• waist circumference
• population study

• Adiposity
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Age Factors
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Aging
• Body Mass Index
• Carotid Artery, Common/diagnostic imaging
• Carotid Artery, Common/physiopathology
• Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
• Female
• Femoral Artery/diagnostic imaging
• Femoral Artery/physiopathology
• Humans
• Hypertension/diagnostic imaging
• Hypertension/epidemiology
• Hypertension/physiopathology
• Italy/epidemiology
• Linear Models
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Multivariate Analysis
• Nonlinear Dynamics
• Obesity, Abdominal/diagnostic imaging
• Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology
• Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology
• Pulsatile Flow
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors
• Sex Factors
• Vascular Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Vascular Diseases/epidemiology
• Vascular Diseases/physiopathology
• Waist Circumference
• Young Adult

• ZIA AG000675-04 Intramural NIH HHS
• N01-AG-1-2109 NIA NIH HHS