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Khanem A, Karim N, Ullah I, Younas F. Essential oils of Citrus limon, Cymbopogon citratus, and Lavandula officinalis disrupt E. coli biofilms by inducing cellular damage. Biol Futur 2025:10.1007/s42977-025-00255-5. [PMID: 40232606 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-025-00255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/16/2025]
Abstract
Biofilms by E. coli is not only the primary cause of recurrent urinary tract infections, but also lead to medical device-associated infections. Ever increasing antibiotic resistance due to biofilms has sparked a search for plant-based replacements. This study examines anti-biofilm potential of essential oils from lemon (Citrus limon), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and lavender (Lavandula officinalis) against 26 clinical isolates of E. coli. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted by using hydro-distillation and characterized by GC-MS and FT-IR. Biofilms were quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. The extracted essential oils had yields ranging from 1.37 to 1.45 (w/v). The main constituents were limonene (94%) in lemon, citral (42%) and ketones (9%) in lemongrass, and linalool (35%) and linalyl anthranilate (20%) in lavender EO. MICs and MBCs of EOs were in the range of 3.13-50 µg/ml. The oils under investigation exhibited notable biofilm inhibition and eradication properties. The percent inhibition and eradication varied between 6-89% and 3-82.25% (p < 0.0001), respectively. These findings suggest that essential oils from lemon, lemongrass, and lavender may offer a promising natural approach to combat E. coli biofilms and associated infections. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and to explore their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalia Khanem
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naheed Karim
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Younas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Silva-Neto LA, Ramírez-Rueda RY, Salvador MJ, Nascimento AM. Chemical composition and evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from Lippia hermannioides and Matayba marginata, two plants on ironstone outcrops: an endangered Brazilian ecosystem. BRAZ J BIOL 2025; 85:e289902. [PMID: 40197890 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.289902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025] Open
Abstract
Canga is the Brazilian term used to describe a weathered superficial ferruginous deposit. These geoenvironments shelter hundreds of rare species. Essential oils of Lippia hermannioides and Matayba marginata, species collected in the ferruginous rupestrian field on remaining canga at Federal University of Ouro Preto-UFOP, were isolated from fresh leaves by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and characterized by GC-MS analyses. A total of 32 compounds were identified in the oil of L. hermannioides, while 15 were identified in the oil of M. marginata, representing 98.9% and 97.7% respectively, of the total volatile content. In both essential oils sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main class of constituents (53.4% for L. hermannioides and 92.1% for M. marginata). Elemicin (35.1%) and β-caryophyllene (21.3%) were found to be the major constituents in the essential oil of L. hermannioides, whereas germacrene A (48.8%) and β-elemene (29.5%) were encountered in the essential oil of M. marginata. Both essential oils showed bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with the essential oil of L. hermannioides being more efficient. The oils did not present antioxidant activity and by ORACFL assay. The oil of L. hermannioides showed weak DPPH radical-scavenging activity by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) autographic assay. The data presented in this study showed, for the first time in literature, the chemical composition of essential oil from M. marginata and their bactericidal and antioxidant properties. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the chemical composition and biological activities of Lippia and Matayba genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Silva-Neto
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Departamento de Química, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - R Y Ramírez-Rueda
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Tecnologia de Produtos Bioativos, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - M J Salvador
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Tecnologia de Produtos Bioativos, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A M Nascimento
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Departamento de Química, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
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Georgantopoulos A, Kalousi FD, Pollastro F, Tsialtas I, Kalogiouri NP, Psarra AMG. Chemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activities of Resin Fractions from Pistacia lentiscus L. var. Chia in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Molecules 2025; 30:997. [PMID: 40076222 PMCID: PMC11901618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2025] [Revised: 02/14/2025] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Chios mastiha is the natural aromatic resin of Pistacia lentiscus L. var. Chia, Anacardiaceae, which is exclusively cultivated in the southern part of the Greek island of Chios. Chios mastiha (P. lenticonus/Chios mastiha) is well-known for its distinctive taste and aroma and has been known since ancient times due to its healing properties in gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders and because of its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. In this study, the chemical composition, applying LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, and the antioxidant activities of three different polarity P. lenticonus/Chios mastiha fractions, apolar, medium polar, and polar, were characterized in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Chemical analysis of the fractions unveiled new components of P. lenticonus/Chios mastiha, mainly fatty acids compounds, known for their antioxidant activity and regulatory effects on lipid metabolism. By applying the MTT assay and confocal microscopy analysis, we showed that P. lenticonus/Chios mastiha fractions, especially the apolar and medium polar fractions, enriched in triterpenes and fatty acids, caused suppression of the H2O2-induced reduction in cell viability, ROS production, and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, Western blot analysis revealed that apolar fraction, enriched in fatty acids, induced expression of the PPARα, which is well-known for its antioxidant activities and its crucial role in lipid metabolism. Induction of PPARα, a GR target gene, was also accompanied by an increase in GR protein levels. Enhanced antioxidant activities of the apolar fraction may be correlated with its chemical composition, enriched in fatty acids and triterpenoids. Thus, our results indicate the neuroprotective actions of P. lenticonus/Chios mastiha fractions, highlighting their potential application as neuroprotective agents in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Georgantopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (A.G.); (F.D.K.); (I.T.)
| | - Foteini D. Kalousi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (A.G.); (F.D.K.); (I.T.)
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Ioannis Tsialtas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (A.G.); (F.D.K.); (I.T.)
| | - Natasa P. Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anna-Maria G. Psarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (A.G.); (F.D.K.); (I.T.)
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Ayub MA, Iram I, Waseem R, Ayub I, Hussain A, Abid MA, Iqbal SZ. Optimizing the extraction of essential oil yield from Pistacia lentiscus oleo-gum resin by superheated steam extraction using response surface methodology. Sci Rep 2024; 14:25791. [PMID: 39468086 PMCID: PMC11519484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus L. is an aromatic plant containing a significant percentage of essential oil (EO) used in fragrance, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and the food industry. The purpose of this work is focused on the optimization of Pistacia lentiscus L. oleo gum resin EO yield extracted by superheated steam extraction (SHSE) by response surface methodology, including extraction parameters of particle size (0. 5 - 1 mm), temperature (140-180 °C) and time (90-150 min). The optimum conditions for Pistacia lentiscus L. EO extracted by SHSE were found to be (particle size: 0.75 mm, time: 120 min and temperature: 160 ℃) which produced the highest EO yield of 5.7%. A regression model was developed, demonstrating a robust quadratic correlation with an R2 value of 0.9991, making it suitable for predictions. Furthermore, the yield of Pistacia lentiscus L. EO extracted by SHSE was compared with the conventional steam and hydro distillation techniques. The study revealed that SHSE yielded higher quantities of EO than other extraction methods. GC-MS analyzed the chemical composition of Pistacia lentiscus L. EO. The predominant compound of Pistacia lentiscus L. EO was determined to be α-pinene, while the other identified compounds include trans-verbenol, verbenol, cis-verbenone, camphene, β-myrcene, d-limonene, cymene, α-myrtenol, α-campholenal, α-copaene, and α-thujene, whose content differed according to different extraction techniques. Overall, superheated steam extraction is an efficient technique for extracting Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil that enhances EO yield, requiring less time for extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iqra Iram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan
| | - Rameen Waseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Ayub
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, 56300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amin Abid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Food Safety and Food Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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Blomquist SA, Fernandez ML. Chios Mastic Gum: A Promising Phytotherapeutic for Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients 2024; 16:2941. [PMID: 39275256 PMCID: PMC11397435 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chios mastic gum (CMG) is a resin obtained from the Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia tree that grows in the Mediterranean. For millennia, it has been renowned for its medicinal properties, but recently, CMG has gained attention due to its pronounced anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties and its use in oral health, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and risk factors related to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This narrative review seeks to briefly overview its bioactive constituents and examine and describe its potential as a cardiometabolic disease (CMD) phytotherapeutic. The results of clinical trials and in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies provide accumulating evidence of the mechanisms underlying CMG's impacts on lipid and glucose metabolism, cardiovascular and hepatic health, inflammation, oxidative stress, body composition, and microbiota. Despite the relatively limited studies with mixed results, they have provided the foundation to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities moving forward that may help to establish CMG and its bioactives as viable therapeutics for CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Blomquist
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Xiang Y, Chen H, Feng W, Wen Y, Xie Y, Cheng M, Li H. Nitrogen and Microelements Co-Drive the Decomposition of Typical Grass Litter in the Loess Plateau, China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:753. [PMID: 38592770 PMCID: PMC10975666 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In grassland ecosystems, the decomposition of litter serves as a vital conduit for nutrient transfer between plants and soil. The aim of this study was to depict the dynamic process of grass litter decomposition and explore its major driver. Three typical grasses [Stipa bungeana Trin (St. B), Artemisia sacrorun Ledeb (Ar. S), and Thymus mongolicus Ronniger (Th. M)] were selected for long-term litter decomposition. Experiments were conducted using three single litters, namely, St. B, Ar. S, and Th. M, and four different compositions of mixed litter: ML1 (55% St. B and 45% Th. M), ML2 (55% St. B and 45% Ar. S), ML3 (75% St. B and 25% Th. M), and ML4 (75% St. B and 25% Ar. S). The dynamic patterns of mass and microelements (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) within different litter groups were analyzed. Our findings indicated that, after 1035 days of decomposition, the proportion of residual mass for the single litters was as follows: Th. M (60.6%) > St. B (47.3%) > Ar. S (44.3%), and for the mixed groups it was ML1 (48.0%) > ML3 (41.6%) > ML2 (40.9) > ML4 (38.4%). Mixed cultivation of the different litter groups accelerated the decomposition process, indicating that the mixture of litters had a synergistic effect on litter decomposition. The microelements of the litter exhibited an initial short-term increase followed by long-term decay. After 1035 days of decomposition, the microelements released from the litter were, in descending order, Mg > Ca > Fe > Cu > Mn > Zn. Compared to the separately decomposed St. B litter, mixing led to an inhibition of the release of Ca (antagonistic effect), while it promoted the release of Mg, Cu, and Zn (synergistic effect). For the single litter, the stepwise regression analysis showed that Ca was the dominant factor determining early litter decomposition. Mg, Mn, and Cu were the dominant factors regulating later litter decomposition. For the mixed litter groups, Ca, Mn, and Mg were the dominant factors closely related to early decomposition, and TN emerged as a key factor regulating the mass loss of mixtures during later decomposition. In summary, nitrogen and microelements co-drive the decomposition of typical grass litter. Our study underscores that, in the succession process of grassland, the presence of multiple co-existing species led to a faster loss of plant-derived materials (litter mass and internal elements), which was primarily modulated by species identity and uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China;
- Institute of Loess Plateau, School of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.C.); (W.F.); (Y.W.)
| | - Haoning Chen
- Institute of Loess Plateau, School of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.C.); (W.F.); (Y.W.)
| | - Weiqi Feng
- Institute of Loess Plateau, School of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.C.); (W.F.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongli Wen
- Institute of Loess Plateau, School of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.C.); (W.F.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Xie
- Shanxi Dadi Minji Ecological Environment Company Limited, Taiyuan 030002, China;
| | - Man Cheng
- Institute of Loess Plateau, School of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.C.); (W.F.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Loess Plateau, School of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.C.); (W.F.); (Y.W.)
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Anagnostou C, Beteinakis S, Papachristodoulou A, Pachi VK, Dionysopoulou M, Dimou S, Diallinas G, Skaltsounis LA, Halabalaki M. Phytochemical investigation of Pistacia lentiscus L. var. Chia leaves: A byproduct with antimicrobial potential. Fitoterapia 2023; 170:105648. [PMID: 37562489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus L. var. Chia belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, and it is cultivated only in the south part of Chios island, in Greece. Even though it is renowned for its unique resin, Chios mastic gum (CMG), the tree leaves have also been used in traditional medicine, while the annual pruning generates a large biomass of unused by-products. Thus, the aim of the present study was the detailed phytochemical investigation of P. lentiscus var. Chia leaves towards the search of antimicrobial agents. UPLC-HRMS & HRMS/MS based dereplication methods led to the detailed characterization of the aqueous leaf extract. In addition, twelve compounds were isolated and purified from the methanol extract and were identified using spectroscopic and spectrometric methods (NMR, HRMS) belonging to phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids and terpenes, with the most interesting being 2-hydroxy-1,8-cineole β-D-glucopyranoside which was isolated for the first time in the Anacardiaceae family. Remarkably, based on NMR data, methanol and aqueous extracts were found to be particularly rich in shikimic acid, a valuable building block for the pharmaceutical industry, for instance in the synthesis of the active ingredient of Tamiflu®, oseltamivir. Finally, extracts (EtOAc, MeOH, H2O) and major compounds i.e., shikimic acid, 2-hydroxy-1,8-cineole β-D-glucopyranoside and myricitrin were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties. MeOH and H2O mastic leaf extracts as well as myricitrin and, particularly, 2-hydroxy-1,8-cineole β-D-glucopyranoside showed significant selective activity against pathogenic Mucorales, but not against Aspergilli (Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus), Candida albicans or bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Anagnostou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Beteinakis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Papachristodoulou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki K Pachi
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Mariangela Dionysopoulou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15781 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Dimou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15781 Athens, Greece
| | - George Diallinas
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15781 Athens, Greece
| | - Leandros A Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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Ottria R, Xynomilakis O, Casati S, Abbiati E, Maconi G, Ciuffreda P. Chios Mastic Gum: Chemical Profile and Pharmacological Properties in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From the Past to the Future. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12038. [PMID: 37569412 PMCID: PMC10419108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chios mastic gum, the product of the tree Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia, has been used for more than 2500 years in traditional Greek medicine for treating several diseases, thanks to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of its components. Despite the long-time use of mastic in gastroenterology and in particular in chronic-inflammation-associated diseases, to date, the literature lacks reviews regarding this topic. The aim of the present work is to summarize available data on the effects of P. lentiscus on inflammatory bowel disease. A comprehensive review of this topic could drive researchers to conduct future studies aimed at deeply investigating P. lentiscus effects and hypothesizing a mechanism of action. The present review, indeed, schematizes the possible bioactive components of mastic gum. Particular care is given to P. lentiscus var. Chia medicaments' and supplements' chemical compositions and their pharmacological action in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ottria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Ornella Xynomilakis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Silvana Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Ezio Abbiati
- Phytoitalia S.r.l., Via Gran Sasso, 37, Corbetta, 20011 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Maconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
- Gastroenterology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (O.X.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (P.C.)
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Milia EP, Sardellitti L, Eick S. Antimicrobial Efficiency of Pistacia lentiscus L. Derivates against Oral Biofilm-Associated Diseases-A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1378. [PMID: 37374880 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus L. (PlL) has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. The richness in antimicrobial biomolecules of Pll derivates can represent an alternative to chemically formulated agents used against oral infections. This review summarizes the knowledge on the antimicrobial activity of PlL essential oil (EO), extracts, and mastic resin against microorganisms being of relevance in oral biofilm-associated diseases. Results demonstrated that the potential of PlL polyphenol extracts has led to increasing scientific interest. In fact, the extracts are a significantly more effective agent than the other PlL derivates. The positive findings regarding the inhibition of periodontal pathogens and C. albicans, together with the antioxidant activity and the reduction of the inflammatory responses, suggest the use of the extracts in the prevention and/or reversal of intraoral dysbiosis. Toothpaste, mouthwashes, and local delivery devices could be effective in the clinical management of these oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Patrizia Milia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Dental Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Sardellitti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Dental Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Species of the Genera Neopestalotiopsis and Alternaria as Dominant Pathogen Species Attacking Mastic Trees (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia). MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 2018 and 2021, several mastic trees (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia) sampled in the field and the nursery of the Chios Mastiha Growers Association (CMGA) were analyzed to determine the cause of dominant diseases. Symptoms included defoliation, leaf, and twig blight, wilting and/or apoplexy of trees and apoplexy of young hardwood cuttings. Moreover, brown discoloration had also been observed on older woody parts of the trees such as branches and tree trunks. Several pathogens have been isolated and identified as the causing agents. Neopestalotiopsis and Alternaria species were isolated consistently from necrotic tissues of mastic trees (branches, twigs, and leaves) in the field and the nursery. All fungal isolates’ pathogenicity was confirmed by applying Koch’s postulates on young mastic trees under glasshouse conditions. Fungal pathogens were identified by sequence analyses of the ITS, β-tubulin, and histone gene regions. Alternaria species were analyzed further by sequencing the endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) and the Alternaria major allergen (Alta1) genes. More specifically, the isolates were identified as Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, Alternaria arborescens, and A. alternata based on morphological features and sequence analyses. This is the first report of N. clavispora, A. arborescens, and A. alternata on P. lentiscus var. Chia.
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Stefi AL, Papaioannou V, Nikou T, Halabalaki M, Vassilacopoulou D, Christodoulakis NS. Heat and Cold-Stressed Individuals of Pistacia lentiscus (Mastic Tree) Do Modify Their Secreting Profile. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3290. [PMID: 36501332 PMCID: PMC9736404 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings from the germinated seeds of Pistacia lentiscus were cultured in plant growth chambers for three months. Then, the plants were separated into three groups. Each group was cultured under different conditions. The first group was left to grow under normal Mediterranean conditions, as those recorded in spring. The other group was subjected to a ten-day heat stress while the last one also suffered a cold stress for ten days. The anatomical features of the leaves (leaf thickness, epidermal cell thickness, number of palisade layers, and development) between these three groups differed. The stressed plants accumulated large amounts of phenolics within their mesophyll cells. The biomass of the cold-stressed plants was minor, while it was high for the control plants. The oxidative stress was hardly detectable in the leaves of the control plants, while their heat-stressed counterparts suffered the highest concentration of reactive oxygen species. Differences concerning the absorption spectra of the three groups of leaves were not significant. An interesting incompatibility between the three groups concerned the expression of L-Dopa Decarboxylase, which climbed significantly in the heat-stressed plants. Finally, an interesting variation was observed concerning the concentrations of some biogenic amines/amino acids. This variation can be correlated to the other stress-induced reactions of the plants and, in some cases, was impressive. In conclusion, environmental stress can shift Pistacia lentiscus' metabolism to synthesize different biogenic products, which can be considered as exploitable for the pharmaceutical or food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterina L. Stefi
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Papaioannou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Nikou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Dido Vassilacopoulou
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S. Christodoulakis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
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Papazafiropoulou AK. Effects of Chios mastic gum on cardiometabolic risk factors. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:921-925. [PMID: 36437867 PMCID: PMC9693735 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i11.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chios mastic gum (CMG), the resin produced by the trunk of Pistachia lentiscus var Chia, has been used for culinary and medicinal purposes since antiquity. Despite the fact that Pistacia species are widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin and in the circum-Mediterranean regions, CMG is a distinctive resin of the mastic trees grown exclusively in the southern part of the island of Chios. CMG has been used for centuries as a spice, a cosmetic, but its most important usage has been as a strong phytotherapeutic therapy, primarily for the management of gastrointestinal diseases. Recently, there are studies demonstrating that CMG has hypolipidemic, cardioprotective and antidiabetic properties. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize the existing literature data regarding the potential beneficial effects of CMG on cardio-metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia K Papazafiropoulou
- The First Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, Piraeus 18536, Greece
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13
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Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and In Silico NADPH Oxidase Inhibition of Chemically-Analyzed Essential Oils Derived from Ballota deserti (Noë) Jury. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196636. [PMID: 36235177 PMCID: PMC9571276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ballota deserti (Noë) Jury (B. deserti) is a medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic medicine. The chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of essential oils from B. deserti (EOBD) against drug-resistant microorganisms were examined in this work. Hydrodistillation was used to extract EOBD, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to identify its constituents. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were used to assess the antioxidant effect of EOBD. The disc diffusion agar and the microdilution tests were used in the assessment of the antibacterial properties of EOBD against clinically resistant pathogenic microorganisms. An in silico approach was used to evaluate the inhibitory potential of EOBD against NADPH oxidase. The yield of EOBD was 0.41%, and was primarily composed of linalool (37.82%), cineole (12.04%), and borneol (11.07%). EOBD had good antioxidant potency, with calculated values of 19.82 ± 1.14 µg/mL (DPPH), 64.78 ± 5.21 µg/mL (FRAP), 996.84 ± 20.18 µg EAA/ mg (TAC). Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were inhibited by EOBD with inhibition zones ranging from 17.481.75 mm to 28.471.44 mm. EOBD exhibited MICs ranging from 10.78 g/mL to 22.48 g/mL when tested against bacteria using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Similarly, impressive antifungal activity was observed against fungal strains with inhibition zone widths ranging from 16.761.83 to 36.791.35 mm. Results of MICs assay against fungi showed that EOBD had MICs values ranging from 15.32 ± 1.47 to 23.74 ± 1.54 µg/mL. Docking results showed that thujone, o-cymene, and butanoic acid contained in EOBD possessed strong activity against NADPH oxidase, with glide scores of −5.403, −5.344, and −4.973 Kcal/mol, respectively. In light of these findings, the EOBD may be seen as a potential source of chemical compounds with significant biological capabilities that can be advantageous as natural antioxidants and develop an effective weapon against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria.
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14
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Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Chemical Composition of Pistacia chinensis Leaf Essential Oil. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14101982. [PMID: 36297418 PMCID: PMC9609098 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is a common metabolic disease caused by abnormal purine metabolism that promotes the formation and deposition of monosodium urate crystals within joints that causes acute arthritis and can seriously affect the daily life of patients. Pistacia chinensis is one of the traditional medicinal plants of the Anacardiaceae family, and there have been many studies on its biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antibacterial, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigout effect of P. chinensis leaf essential oil and its constituents through xanthine oxidase inhibition. Leaf essential oil showed good xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity for both substrates, hypoxanthine and xanthine. Six fractions were obtained from open column chromatography, and fraction E1 exhibited the best activity. The constituents of leaf essential oil and fraction E1 were analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of both leaf essential oil and fraction E1 were limonene and 3-carene; limonene showed a higher inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase. Based on the enzyme kinetic investigation, limonene was the mixed-type inhibitor against xanthine oxidase. The results revealed that Pistacia chinensis leaf essential oil and limonene have the potential to act as natural remedies for the treatment of gout.
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15
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Apoptotic, Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Interference with the Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling of Fractions from Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia Leaves. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070934. [PMID: 35406916 PMCID: PMC9002849 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study acetonic extracts of leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia (mastiha tree) grown in the south as well as in the north Chios Greek island were isolated and further fractionated to give three different polarity fractions: apolar, medium-polar, and polar. The isolated fractions were assessed as regards their main composition, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory activities, and interference with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling, applying cytotoxic assay, luciferase assays, and Western blot analysis of apoptosis-, energy-, and inflammation-associated molecules. Differences in cell viability have been detected among different polarity leaf fractions as well as among fractions of different plant origin with polar fractions showing the highest cytotoxicity. Fractions-induced anti-inflammatory activities and suppressive effects on the dexamethasone (DEX)-induced GR transcriptional activation were unveiled. The partition protocol of leaves fractions applied uncovers the enhanced glucocorticoid-associated biological activities of the medium-polar fractions, which may be associated with their enrichment in the triterpenoids that showed structural similarity with the glucocorticoids. A reduction in GR protein levels is observed by the fraction which is shown to be associated with the medium polar-induced proteolytic degradation of the receptor. In addition, the enhanced cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-glycemic activities of the fractions from the Southern P. lentiscus L. that exclusively produce the mastiha resin, is revealed, indicating that leaves fractions from mastiha tree, similarly to mastiha tree resin, may have the potential to be further analyzed for their potent applications in the pharmaceutical cosmetic and nutraceutical fields.
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Soulaidopoulos S, Tsiogka A, Chrysohoou C, Lazarou E, Aznaouridis K, Doundoulakis I, Tyrovola D, Tousoulis D, Tsioufis K, Vlachopoulos C, Lazaros G. Overview of Chios Mastic Gum ( Pistacia lentiscus) Effects on Human Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:590. [PMID: 35276949 PMCID: PMC8838553 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable development of the medical industry in the current era, herbal products with therapeutic potentials arise as attractive alternative treatments. Consequently, Chios mastiha, a natural, aromatic resin obtained from the trunk and brunches of the mastic tree, has recently gained increasing scientific interest due to its multiple beneficial actions. Chios mastiha is being exclusively produced on the southern part of Chios, a Greek island situated in the northern Aegean Sea, and its therapeutic properties have been known since Greek antiquity. There is now substantial evidence to suggest that mastiha demonstrates a plethora of favorable effects, mainly attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of its components. The main use of mastiha nowadays, however, is for the production of natural chewing gum, although an approval by the European Medicines Agency for mild dyspeptic disorders and for inflammations of the skin has been given. The aim of this article is to summarize the most important data about the therapeutic actions of Chios mastiha and discuss future fields for its medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Soulaidopoulos
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Aikaterini Tsiogka
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christina Chrysohoou
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Emilia Lazarou
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Konstantinos Aznaouridis
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Ioannis Doundoulakis
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Dimitra Tyrovola
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Charalambos Vlachopoulos
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
| | - George Lazaros
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.S.); (C.C.); (E.L.); (K.A.); (I.D.); (D.T.); (D.T.); (K.T.); (C.V.)
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17
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Jaradat N, Al-Maharik N, Hawash M, Abualhasan MN, Qadi M, Ayesh O, Marar RA, Kharroub H, Abu-Hait T, Arar M, Mousa A. Essential Oil Composition, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitory Areas of Activity of Pistacia lentiscus from Palestine. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Study of Stability, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activity of Chios Mastic Gum Fractions (Neutral, Acidic) after Encapsulation in Liposomes. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030271. [PMID: 35159423 PMCID: PMC8834444 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastic gum is a resinous sap produced by Pistacia lentiscus growing in the island of Chios (Greece) and has been recognized since Antiquity for its distinctive aroma as well as medical properties (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory ones). The oral absorption of Chios Mastic gum (an insoluble polymer of poly-β-myrcene is among the most abundant contents) is poor due to its low water-solubility. We report in this study, two different Chios mastic gum extracts, the acidic mastic gum extract—AMGE—and the neutral one—NMGE, both prepared after removal of the contained polymer in order to ameliorate solubility and enhance in vivo activity. Liposomes are presented as a promising delivery system due to their physicochemical and biophysical properties to increase stability and absorption efficiency of the mastic gum extracts within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability in GI simulated conditions together with cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of the two extracts (AMGE and NMGE) after encapsulation in a well characterized liposome formulation. Liposomes-AMGE complex showed an improved stability behavior in GI simulated conditions. Both assayed extracts showed significant dose dependent inhibition against the growth of liver cancer HepG2 cells and an interesting antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms. Conclusively, encapsulation could be evaluated as a beneficial procedure for further applications of mastic resin.
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Brieudes V, Mikropoulou EV, Kallergis E, Kaliora AC, Papada E, Gkiouvetidis P, Angelis A, Halabalaki M. Development, Validation and Application of a UHPLC-MS Method for the Quantification of Chios Mastic Gum Triterpenoids in Human Plasma. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:1101-1109. [PMID: 33784768 DOI: 10.1055/a-1408-9338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chios mastic gum is the resinous secretion obtained from the barks of the shrub Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia, which is endemic to the Greek island of Chios. Since antiquity, Chios mastic gum has found several uses as a phytotherapeutic remedy, primarily for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders while recently, Chios mastic gum was also recognized by EMA as an herbal medicinal product with specific indications. Chios mastic gum's biological properties are attributed to triterpenes which comprise the major chemical group (approx. 70%) and notably isomasticadienonic acid and masticadienonic acid. However, due to their structural characteristics, the isolation thereof in high yield and purity is challenging and since they are not commercially available, pharmacological studies aiming to assess their biological properties are limited. In the present work, mastic's phytochemical investigation by UPLC-HRMS is followed by the isolation and characterization of isomasticadienonic acid and masticadienonic acid to be used as analytical standards for their accurate and reliable quantification in human plasma. A UHPLC-tQ-MS method that was developed and validated (in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of quantification, accuracy and precision), for the direct quantification of the targeted compounds in the low ng/mL range of concentration, was subsequently implemented on plasma samples of healthy volunteers thus demonstrating its fitness for purpose. The results presented herein might provide insight to the understanding of this traditional natural product consumed notably for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and lipid lowering properties. Moreover, this method might serve as a starting point for any study aiming to monitor bioactive triterpenes in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Brieudes
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni V Mikropoulou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Errikos Kallergis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Andriana C Kaliora
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathia Papada
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Gkiouvetidis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
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20
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Milia E, Bullitta SM, Mastandrea G, Szotáková B, Schoubben A, Langhansová L, Quartu M, Bortone A, Eick S. Leaves and Fruits Preparations of Pistacia lentiscus L.: A Review on the Ethnopharmacological Uses and Implications in Inflammation and Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040425. [PMID: 33921406 PMCID: PMC8069618 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in revisiting plants for drug discovery, proving scientifically their role as remedies. The aim of this review was to give an overview of the ethnopharmacological uses of Pistacia lentiscus L. (PlL) leaves and fruits, expanding the search for the scientific discovery of their chemistry, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antimicrobial activities. PlL is a wild-growing shrub rich in terpenoids and polyphenols, the oil and extracts of which have been widely used against inflammation and infections, and as wound healing agents. The more recurrent components in PlL essential oil (EO) are represented by α-pinene, terpinene, caryophyllene, limonene and myrcene, with high variability in concentration depending on the Mediterranean country. The anti-inflammatory activity of the oil mainly occurs due to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the arachidonic acid cascade. Interestingly, the capacity against COX-2 and LOX indicates PlL EO as a dual inhibitory compound. The high content of polyphenols enriching the extracts provide explanations for the known biological properties of the plant. The protective effect against reactive oxygen species is of wide interest. In particular, their anthocyanins content greatly clarifies their antioxidative capacity. Further, the antimicrobial activity of PlL oil and extracts includes the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, periodontal bacteria and Candida spp. In conclusion, the relevant scientific properties indicate PlL as a nutraceutical and also as a therapeutic agent against a wide range of diseases based on inflammation and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Milia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (S.E.); Tel.: +39-79-228437 (E.M.); +41-31-632-25-42 (S.E.)
| | - Simonetta Maria Bullitta
- C.N.R., Institute for Animal Production System in Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM), Traversa La Crucca 3, Località Baldinca, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Mastandrea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/C, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Aurélie Schoubben
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Lenka Langhansová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marina Quartu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Antonella Bortone
- Dental Unite, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (S.E.); Tel.: +39-79-228437 (E.M.); +41-31-632-25-42 (S.E.)
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21
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Chemical Profiling of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia Resin and Essential Oil: Ageing Markers and Antimicrobial Activity. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chios Mastic Gum (CMG) and Chios Mastic Oil (CMO) are two unique products of the tree Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia, cultivated exclusively on the Greek island of Chios. In the present study, the method proposed by the European Pharmacopoeia for mastic identification was employed using HPTLC together with an in-house method. A GC-MS methodology was also developed for the chemical characterization of CMOs. α-Pinene and β-myrcene were found in abundance in the fresh oils; however, in the oil of the aged collection, oxygenated monoterpenes and benzenoids such as verbenone, pinocarveol, and α-campholenal were found at the highest rates. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of Chios Mastic Gums (CMGs) with their respective Chios Mastic Oils (CMOs) was evaluated, with growth tests against the fungi Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Mucor circinelloides, and Rhizopus oryzae, and the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, with the samples exhibiting a moderate activity. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an HPTLC method is proposed for the analysis of mastic and its essential oil and that a standardized methodology is followed for the distillation of CMO with a parallel assessment of the ageing effect on the oil’s composition.
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22
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Stefi AL, Nikou T, Vassilacopoulou D, Skaltsounis LA, Halabalaki M, Christodoulakis NS. Structure and organization of the secretion apparatus of the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) and LC-HRMS analysis of leaf extracts. PLANTA 2021; 253:70. [PMID: 33604730 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative profile of the biochemicals secreted by summer and winter leaves, present noticeable differences and appear to be qualitatively different from the biochemical profile of the commercially valuable mastic. The anatomy of the root and the primary and secondary shoot as well as that of the summer and winter leaves of P. lentiscus was thoroughly investigated. The secreting network was tracked throughout the plant axis, from the root to the leaves, and the active secreting cells of the duct epithelium were localized, while the secondary metabolites produced within the cells of the summer and winter leaf tissues were identified histochemically. Numerous phytochemicals were identified in the leaf extracts with UHPLC-qTOF MS analysis. The analyzed extracts from summer and winter leaves displayed similar qualitative profile, although quantitative differences were evident, since, during the summer, the leaves tend to synthesize the more complex amongst the identified compounds. The phytochemical profile of the leaf extracts turns to be completely different compared to that of the valuable mastic harvested from the injured trunks. Many of the compounds common in mastic were not detected in the analyzed leaves samples. The numerous secreting ducts either fail to form a unified network, so composition of the secreted material varies in the different organs of the plant or they compose a continuous network, but the biochemical profile of the secreted material differs along the plant axis. Such a detailed investigation of the secretion network of the mastic tree may assist the improvement of the yield and promote the production of valuable phytochemicals through in vitro cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterina L Stefi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Nikou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dido Vassilacopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Leandros-Alexios Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Christodoulakis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701, Athens, Greece.
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Xanthis V, Fitsiou E, Voulgaridou GP, Bogadakis A, Chlichlia K, Galanis A, Pappa A. Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Potential of the Essential Oil Pistacia lentiscus var . chia and Its Major Components Myrcene and α-Pinene. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010127. [PMID: 33477450 PMCID: PMC7830477 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant, cytoprotective, and wound-healing potential of the essential oil from the resin of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia (mastic oil) was evaluated, along with that of its major components, myrcene and α-pinene. Antioxidant potential was monitored as: (i) direct antioxidant activity as assessed by 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and ABTS assays; (ii) DNA damage protection activity; and (iii) cytoprotective activity as assessed via induction of transcription of genes related to the antioxidant response in human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT). The cytoprotective potential of the test substances was further evaluated against ultraviolet radiation B (UVB)- or H2O2-induced oxidative damage, whereas their regenerative capability was accessed by monitoring the wound closure rate in HaCaT. Μastic oil and major components did not show significant direct antioxidant activity, however they increased the mRNA levels of antioxidant response genes, suggesting indirect antioxidant activity. Treatment of HaCaT with the test substances before and after UVB irradiation resulted in increased cell viability in the cases of pre-treatment with mastic oil or post-treatment with myrcene. Increased cytoprotection was also observed in the case of cell treatment with mastic oil or its major components prior to H2O2 exposure. Finally, mastic oil and myrcene demonstrated a favorable dose-dependent effect for cell migration and wound closure. Collectively, mastic essential oil may exert its promising cytoprotective properties through indirect antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alex Galanis
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.P.); Tel.: +30-25510-30634 (A.G.); +30-25510-30625 (A.P.)
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.P.); Tel.: +30-25510-30634 (A.G.); +30-25510-30625 (A.P.)
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24
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D'Auria M, Racioppi R. Characterization of the volatile fraction of mastic oil and mastic gum. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:3460-3463. [PMID: 33307832 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1858415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
GC-MS of ethyl acetate solutions and HS-SPME-GC-MS of mastic oil and mastic gum showed the presence of α-pinene and β-myrcene as main components of the mixture. In the GC-MS analysis of mastic oil 19 compounds were detected, while mastic gum allowed to detect only twelve compounds. Mastic gum showed the presence of compounds with a higher molecular weight. In HS-SPME analysis the amount of β-myrcene increased in comparison to the results obtained in the analyses performed in solution. The relative ratio between α-pinene and β-myrcene showed that SPME analysis induces a preferential detection for β-myrcene (α-pinene/β-myrcene in the mastic oil 16.18 in GC-MS analysis, and 5.06 in SPME analysis; α-pinene/β-myrcene in mastic gum 10.64 in GC-MS analysis, and 2.25 in SPME analysis). These results can be explained considering a different absorption selectivity of these compounds on the SPME fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Racioppi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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25
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Contact Dermatitis From Gum Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) and Gum Storax (Liquidambar styraciflua) in Mastisol-Allergic Patients. Dermatitis 2020; 32:430-436. [PMID: 33273244 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastisol Liquid Adhesive is widely used on the skin, especially after surgical procedures. It contains gum mastic, gum storax, methyl salicylate, and ethanol. OBJECTIVE The aims of the study were to review our experience patch testing patients allergic to Mastisol and to assess coreacting substances. METHODS We identified 18 patients who were allergic to Mastisol. Most of these had a history of postoperative or cardiac electrode dermatitis and underwent patch testing with multiple surgically related substances, including ingredients of Mastisol, compound tincture of benzoin, and fragrance-related ingredients and botanicals. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Among Mastisol-allergic patients, 13 (72%) of 18 were allergic to gum mastic, whereas 7 (44%) of 16 were allergic to gum storax. There was frequent coreactivity with various fragrance-related materials, including Majantol, Styrax benzoin, Myroxylon balsamum, Myroxylon pereirae, propolis, and others. Two gum mastic-allergic patients had positive patch tests with hydroperoxides of linalool and several other linalool-containing essential oils. As gum mastic contains linalool, it may explain some gum mastic reactions. Among patients without a history of postoperative contact dermatitis, 1 (0.4%) of 250 was patch test positive for gum mastic. This patient had allergic contact dermatitis from fragrances, so the gum mastic reaction was likely a true-positive relevant reaction.
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Pistacia lentiscus Hydrosol: Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Mediated by NF- κB and the Citrate Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4264815. [PMID: 33204395 PMCID: PMC7652607 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4264815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus shows a long range of biological activities, and it has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of various kinds of diseases. Moreover, related essential oil keeps important health-promoting properties. However, less is known about P. lentiscus hydrosol, a main by-product of essential oil production, usually used for steam distillation itself or discarded. In this work, by using ultra-high-resolution ESI(+)-FT-ICR mass spectrometry, a direct identification of four main classes of metabolites of P. lentiscus hydrosol (i.e., terpenes, amino acids, peptides, and condensed heterocycles) was obtained. Remarkably, P. lentiscus hydrosol exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) activated primary human monocytes. In LPS-triggered U937 cells, it inhibited NF-κB, a key transcription factor in inflammatory cascade, regulating the expression of both the mitochondrial citrate carrier and the ATP citrate lyase genes. These two main components of the citrate pathway were downregulated by P. lentiscus hydrosol. Therefore, the levels of ROS, NO, and PGE2, the inflammatory mediators downstream the citrate pathway, were reduced. Results shed light on metabolic profile and anti-inflammatory properties of P. lentiscus hydrosol, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent.
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27
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Salek RN, Lorencová E, Míšková Z, Lazárková Z, Pachlová V, Adámek R, Bezděková K, Buňka F. The impact of Chios mastic gum on textural, rheological and melting properties of spread-type processed cheese during storage. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Pachi VK, Mikropoulou EV, Gkiouvetidis P, Siafakas K, Argyropoulou A, Angelis A, Mitakou S, Halabalaki M. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Chios mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia, Anacardiaceae): A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112485. [PMID: 32092498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chios mastic gum constitutes a unique Greek product, produced exclusively in the southern part of the island of Chios. References about its use from local populations for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders or as a cosmetic agent can even be encountered in ancient texts of Galen, Theophrastus and Dioscorides. Nowadays, this versatile resin has been rediscovered, not only as a traditional remedy and aromatic agent, but as a potent phytotherapeutic product with various biological properties. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to quote the summation of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemical profile and pharmacological properties of the resin of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia and thus provide the scientific community with a summary of the research conducted so far. Furthermore, perspectives and uses are being discussed and studied so as to broaden the field of its applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature on Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia was performed using as resources scientific databases such as Scopus, Sciencedirect, Pubmed and Web of science, studies and traditional books provided by the Chios Mastiha Growers Association as well as PhD and Master' s theses. RESULTS Chios mastic gum has been used as a traditional medicine over the last 2500 years. More than 120 chemical compounds have been identified in the resin and the major components are a natural polymer, acidic and neutral triterpenes and volatile secondary metabolites. Several plant extracts and compounds have been studied for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective and anti-cancer properties in vitro and in vivo. Clinical interventions and trials have also showed the therapeutic potential of Chios mastic gum. In 2015 Pistacia lentiscus L., resin (mastic) was recognized as a herbal medicinal product with traditional use by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) with two therapeutic indications (mild dyspeptic disorders & skin inflammation/healing of minor wounds). Over the last years, Chios mastic gum is widely involved in medicinal products, food supplements and cosmetics and has become object of study, also in the field of Pharmacotechnology. CONCLUSIONS Chios mastic's beneficial properties have been demonstrated in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, wound healing, skin inflammations, plasma lipid and blood sugar reduction and oral care. These properties are attributed to triterpenes and volatile compounds. However, because of the resin's chemical complexity and the lack of commercial standards for its main compounds, there is a notable gap in literature concerning the biological evaluation of CMG's isolated components. Therefore, future research should focus on the development of efficient extraction, isolation and analysis techniques in order to unravel CMG's full pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki K Pachi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni V Mikropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Gkiouvetidis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Siafakas
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Argyropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Mitakou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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29
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Tabanca N, Nalbantsoy A, Kendra PE, Demirci F, Demirci B. Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity of the Mastic Gum Essential Oils of Pistacia lentiscus Var. Chia from Turkey. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092136. [PMID: 32370246 PMCID: PMC7248992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oils (EOs) were isolated by hydrodistillation from wild and cultivated Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia-mastic gum tree (Anacardiaceae) from two natural habitats, namely from Cesme-Uzunkoy (1) and Mordogan (2), and one cultivated source, Cesme-Germiyan (3), in Izmir, Turkey. This comparative study evaluated the chemical composition and biological activity of mastic gum essential oils (MGEOs). For this purpose, MGEOs 1-3 were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and chiral GC for α-pinene. Laboratory assays were conducted to assess for potential in vitro cytotoxicity (multiple in vitro cancer cell lines), antimicrobial properties (five bacterial species and yeast), anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS), and the attraction of Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly, medfly), respectively. Chemical analysis indicated that MGEOs 1 and 2 were rich in α-pinene (56.2% and 51.9%), myrcene (20.1% and 18.6%), and β-pinene (2.7% and 3.1%), respectively; whereas MGEO-3 was characterized by a high level of α-pinene (70.8%), followed by β-pinene (5.7%) and myrcene (2.5%). Chiral GC analyses showed that concentration ratios between (-)/(+)-α-pinene and (-)-α-pinene/myrcene allowed for differentiation between wild and cultivated MGEO sources. In biological assays, MGEOs 1-3 did not exhibit significant antimicrobial effects against the pathogens evaluated and were not strong attractants of male medflies; however, all three MGEOs displayed a dose-dependent inhibition of iNOS, and MGEOs 1 and 2 exhibited selective in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cells. These results suggest that wild-type mastic gum oils from Cesme and Mordogan (MGEOs 1 and 2) are potential sources of beneficial products and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayat Tabanca
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS), Miami, FL 33158, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (A.N.); Tel.: +1-(786)-5737077 (N.T.); +90-(232)-3115807 (A.N.)
| | - Ayse Nalbantsoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (A.N.); Tel.: +1-(786)-5737077 (N.T.); +90-(232)-3115807 (A.N.)
| | - Paul E. Kendra
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS), Miami, FL 33158, USA;
| | - Fatih Demirci
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey; (F.D.); (B.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta 99628, Cyprus
| | - Betul Demirci
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey; (F.D.); (B.D.)
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30
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Vrouvaki I, Koutra E, Kornaros M, Avgoustakis K, Lamari FN, Hatziantoniou S. Polymeric Nanoparticles of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia Essential Oil for Cutaneous Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E353. [PMID: 32295134 PMCID: PMC7238218 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia essential oil (EO) were prepared by a solvent evaporation method, in order to obtain a novel carrier for administration on the skin. The specific EO exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties thus stimulating considerable interest as a novel agent for the treatment of minor skin inflammations. The incorporation into nanoparticles could overcome the administration limitations that inserts the nature of the EO. Nanoparticles were prepared, utilizing poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as shell material, due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability, while the influence of surfactant type on NPs properties was examined. Two surfactants were selected, namely poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and lecithin (LEC) and NPs' physicochemical characteristics i.e. size, polydispersity index (PdI) and ζ-potential were determined, not indicating significant differences (p > 0.05) between PLA/PVA-NPs (239.9 nm, 0.081, -29.1 mV) and PLA/LEC-NPs (286.1 nm, 0.167, -34.5 mV). However, encapsulation efficiency (%EE) measured by GC-MS, was clearly higher for PLA/PVA-NPs than PLA/LEC-NPs (37.45% vs. 9.15%, respectively). Moreover PLA/PVA-NPs remained stable over a period of 60 days. The in vitro release study indicated gradual release of the EO from PLA/PVA-NPs and more immediate from PLA/LEC-NPs. The above findings, in addition to the SEM images of the particles propose a potential structure of nanocapsules for PLA/PVA-NPs, where shell material is mainly consisted of PLA, enclosing the EO in the core. However, this does not seem to be the case for PLA/LEC-NPs, as the results indicated low EO content, rapid release and a considerable percentage of humidity detected by SEM. Furthermore, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the EO was determined against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, while NPs, however did not exhibit considerable activity in the concentration range applied. In conclusion, the surfactant selection may modify the release of EO incorporated in NPs for topical application allowing its action without interfering to the physiological skin microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilianna Vrouvaki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (I.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Eleni Koutra
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (E.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Michael Kornaros
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (E.K.); (M.K.)
- INVALOR: Research Infrastructure for Waste Valorization and Sustainable Management, University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Avgoustakis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (I.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Fotini N. Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Sophia Hatziantoniou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (I.V.); (K.A.)
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Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Extracted Oil from Pistacia lentiscus L.: Mathematical Modeling, Economic Evaluation and Scale-Up. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010199. [PMID: 31947791 PMCID: PMC6982823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the extracted oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. the Tunis region was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction containing different major components in the oil such as α-pinene (32%) and terpinene-4-ol (13%). The investigation of the effect of different variables on the extraction yield with 5% level of confidence interval showed that the CO2 pressure was the main significant variable to influence the oil yield. In order to better understand the phenomena, three parameters were considered to adjust all parameters of broken and intact cell (BIC) model: grinding efficiency (G), the internal mass transfer parameter (kSa0), and the external mass transfer parameter (kfa0), which were estimated by experimental extraction curves to calculate the diffusion coefficient. From an economic point of view, we found out that the high cost of production of the extracted oil was due to the low mass of extracted oil obtained from this type of plant.
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32
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Rigling M, Fraatz MA, Trögel S, Sun J, Zorn H, Zhang Y. Aroma Investigation of Chios Mastic Gum ( Pistacia lentiscus Variety Chia) Using Headspace Gas Chromatography Combined with Olfactory Detection and Chiral Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13420-13429. [PMID: 30835111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chios mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia) exhibits intensely sourish, green, resinous, and woody odor notes with hints of citrus and pine. Despite its attractive flavor, no description of its aroma properties by molecular sensory techniques has been published thus far. A total of 25 odor-active compounds with flavor dilution (FD) factors of 1-512 were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) combined with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (HS-SBSE). Quantitative analyses performed by multiple HS-SPME and calculation of odor activity values of 10 odorants with high FD factors revealed an essential role of several minor components (e.g., β-myrcene, limonene, β-linalool, and perillene) for the overall aroma of mastic gum, besides the dominating compound α-pinene. The indispensable contribution of the minor odorants to mastic gum was further confirmed by aroma recombination and omission tests. Varying enantiomeric excess values of the key odorants were observed by multidimensional GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rigling
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology , University of Hohenheim , Fruwirthstraße 12 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Marco Alexander Fraatz
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Stefan Trögel
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Frankfurter Straße 92 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Jinyuan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry , Beijing Technology and Business University , Fucheng Road 11 , Beijing 100048 , People's Republic of China
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology , University of Hohenheim , Fruwirthstraße 12 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany
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Kokoska L, Kloucek P, Leuner O, Novy P. Plant-Derived Products as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents in Human Health Care. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5501-5541. [PMID: 30182844 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180831144344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of papers reporting antimicrobial properties of extracts, essential oils, resins and various classes of compounds isolated from higher plants have been published in recent years; however, a comprehensive analysis of plant-derived antimicrobial agents currently applied in practice for the improvement of human health is still lacking. This review summarizes data on clinical efficacy, antimicrobial effects and the chemistry of commercially available antibacterial and antifungal agents of plant origin currently used in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal, oral, respiratory, skin, and urinary infections. As a result of an analysis of the literature, more than 40 plant-derived over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, cosmetics, herbal medicines, and functional foods containing complex mixtures (e.g. Glycyrrhiza glabra extract, Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, and Pistacia lentiscus resin), pure compounds (e.g. benzoic acid, berberine, eucalyptol, salicylic acid and thymol) as well as their derivatives and complexes (e.g. bismuth subsalicylate and zinc pyrithione) have been identified. The effectiveness of many of these products is illustrated by results of clinical trials and supported by data on there in vitro antimicrobial activity. A broad spectrum of various commercial products currently available on the market and their welldocumented clinical efficacy suggests that plants are prospective sources for the identification of new types of antimicrobial agents in future. Innovative approaches and methodologies for effective proof-of-concept research and the development of new types of plant-derived products effective against recently emerging problems related to human microbial diseases (e.g. antimicrobial resistance) are also proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Kokoska
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kloucek
- Department of Quality of Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Leuner
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Novy
- Department of Quality of Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
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Effects of the Essential Oil from Pistacia lentiscus Var. chia on the Lateral Line System and the Gene Expression Profile of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213919. [PMID: 31671694 PMCID: PMC6864543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastic essential oil exhibits anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. With the growing interest of the use of mastic oil in the food and pharmaceutical industry, systematic in vivo studies are needed to address controlled usage and safety issues. In the present work we evaluated the safety of mastic oil using as a model the zebrafish lateral line system. In addition, we studied the gene expression profile of zebrafish fed with mastic oil-supplemented diet using microarray analysis. Our results showed that the hair cells of lateral line neuromasts are functional upon exposure of zebrafish larvae up to 20 ppm of mastic essential oil, while treatment with higher concentrations, 100 and 200 ppm, resulted in increased larvae mortality. Dietary supplementation of zebrafish with mastic essential oil led to differential expression of interferon response-related genes as well as the immune responsive gene 1 (irg1) that links cellular metabolism with immune defense. Notably, mucin 5.2, a constituent of the mucus hydrogel that protects the host against invading pathogens, was up-regulated. Our in vivo work provides information concerning the safety of mastic essential oil use and suggests dietary effects on gene expression related with the physical and immunochemical properties of the gastrointestinal system.
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Meccia G, Rojas LB, Velasco J, Díaz T, Usubillaga A. Composition and Antibacterial Screening of the Essential Oils of Leaves and Roots of Espeletiopsis Angustifolia Cuatrec. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700201205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrodistillation of leaves and roots of Espeletiopsis angustifolia Cuatrec. (Asteraceae) yielded 0.18% and 0.15% essential oils, respectively. GC-MS analysis allowed identification of 24 components, which made up 92.9% of the total oil from the leaves, while only 16 compounds (67.2%) were identified in the roots. The most abundant compounds in the leaves were α-pinene (29.9%), β-caryophyllene (14.1%), α-gurjunene (9.9%), β-pinene (9.6%), and 19-oxo-ent-kaur-16-ene (5.3%). In the roots, the main ones were α-pinene (27.9%), β-pinene (10.9%), β-caryophyllene (10.2%), and bicyclogermacrene (8.6%). Antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the agar diffusion method. Activity was observed only against Gram-positive bacteria. MIC values were determined for Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC 25923 (1000 μg/mL, both roots and leaves) and Enteroccocus faecalis ATCC 29212 (240 μg/mL, roots and 360 μg/ mL, leaves).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Meccia
- Research Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Luis B. Rojas
- Research Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Judith Velasco
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Tulia Díaz
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Alfredo Usubillaga
- Research Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
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Giassa Τ, Mamali I, Gaki Ε, Kaltsas G, Kouraklis G, Markou ΚΒ, Karatzas T. Iodine intake and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a comparative study between coastal and mainland regions in Greece. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:565-571. [PMID: 30267376 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between iodine intake and autoimmune thyroiditis in Chios, an island located in the North East Aegean Sea, in comparison to mainland regions in South Western Greece (SWG). MATERIALS AND METHODS Urine iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid function (serum TSH, thyroid autoantibodies: anti-TPO and anti-Tg), and thyroid U/S were assessed in 200 subjects (150 females and 50 males) from Chios and 322 subjects (255 females and 67 males) from several mainland regions in SWG. All participants were recruited from outpatient clinics and were diagnosed as euthyroid. RESULTS Median UIC in Chios was significantly higher compared to SWG (136.1 vs. 104.5 μg/L, p < 0.001), indicating that both regions are iodine sufficient according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity was 66.5% in Chios and 27% in SWG, significantly higher in females (46.7%) than in males (26.5%). Furthermore, individuals with increased levels of thyroid autoantibodies either anti-TPO or anti-Tg (TAbs) showed increased median UIC levels compared to those / subjects / patients with normal levels (126.7 vs. 108.95 μg/L, p < 0.001). Serum TSH mean values (mIU/L) were greater in females (mean = 2.1 ± 1.41) compared to males (mean = 1.82 ± 1.26) (p = 0.04) and decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in the present study, we clearly indicate that increased thyroid autoimmunity is positively associated with increased iodine intake, as well as with the female gender. Moreover, iodine intake and thyroid autoimmunity appear to be significantly higher in a coastal region (Chios) than in mainland Greece (SWG). Additional environmental factors, apart from iodine, should be investigated in future studies. Mean TSH values were increased in females and decreased with age. The latter is probably due to the presence of autonomous goiter in older Greek populations, as a result of long-term status of iodine deficiency in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Τ Giassa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, 26500, Rion, Greece
| | - I Mamali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, 26500, Rion, Greece
| | - Ε Gaki
- Department of Business Administration, University of the Aegean, Lesbos, Greece
| | - G Kaltsas
- Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Kouraklis
- Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Κ Β Markou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, 26500, Rion, Greece.
| | - T Karatzas
- Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Terpou A, Nigam PS, Bosnea L, Kanellaki M. Evaluation of Chios mastic gum as antimicrobial agent and matrix forming material targeting probiotic cell encapsulation for functional fermented milk production. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Rahman HS. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant and anticancer activities of mastic gum resin from Pistacia atlantica subspecies kurdica. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4559-4572. [PMID: 30122948 PMCID: PMC6084073 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s170827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mastic gum resin has been used in traditional Kurdish medicine for treating various disorders such as topical wound and gastric ulcer. The study designed to evaluate the total polyphenol and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, and anticancer effects of mastic gum resin derived from Pistacia atlantica subspecies kurdica. MATERIALS AND METHODS Folin -Ciocalteau and the aluminum chloride colorimetric assays were used to determine the total phenol and flavonoid contents in the mastic gum resin respectively. Whereas, DPPH and ABTS+ assays were used to determine the antioxidant activities of mastic gum resin. Regarding anticancer activities, the MTT assay was used to study the effect of mastic gum resin on the proliferation of various cancer cells and the morphological changes were identified after Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide staining. Flow cytometry was applied to determine the influence of mastic gum resin on the apoptosis rate by Annexin V double staining and to investigate the influence on cell cycle progression. Caspase colorimetric assay was used to estimate the hallmark enzyme of apoptosis, and finally RNA were obtained from COLO205 cells and analyzed by qRT-PCR analyses. RESULTS The MTT results showed that the mastic gum resin at concentrations from 0.01 to 100 μM induced death of cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The mastic gum resin suppressed proliferation of human cancer cells with 72 h IC50 value of 15.34 ± 0.21, 11.52 ± 0.18, 8.11 ± 0.23 and 5.2 ± 0.8 μg/mL for bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) (KMBC), pancreatic carcinoma (PANC-1), gastric adenocarcinoma (CRL-1739), and colonic adenocarcinoma (COLO205) cells, respectively. Normal human colon fibroblast (CCD-18Co) cells were not adversely affected by resin treatment. Flow cytometry showed that the mastic gum resin significantly (P<0.05) arrested COLO205 cell proliferation at the G2/M phase of cell cycle. The resin caused apoptotic morphological changes in COLO205 cells. The apoptotic effect to mastic gum resin was via the mitochondrial as shown by the up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2 genes, and activation of caspase-9 and -3 activities. CONCLUSION It was confirmed that the antiproliferative efficacy of the resin is positively correlated with its polyphenolic contents, suggesting a causal link related to exudate content of phenolic acid and flavonoids. The results revealed that the mastic gum resin has potential to be developed as an anticancer and antioxidant product due to its high content of polyphenol compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Clinic and Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Republic of Iraq,
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Chaq-Chaq Qularaisee, Sarchinar District, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Republic of Iraq,
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
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Xynos N, Termentzi A, Fokialakis N, Skaltsounis LA, Aligiannis N. Supercritical CO2 extraction of mastic gum and chemical characterization of bioactive fractions using LC-HRMS/MS and GC–MS. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fukazawa T, Smyrnioudis I, Konishi M, Takahashi M, Kim HK, Nishimaki M, Xiang M, Sakamoto S. Effects of Chios mastic gum and exercise on physical characteristics, blood lipid markers, insulin resistance, and hepatic function in healthy Japanese men. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:773-780. [PMID: 30263803 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of Chios mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia) and exercise on physical characteristics, blood lipid markers, insulin resistance, and hepatic function were investigated in healthy, non-smoking Japanese men aged ≥ 40 years. Participants were allocated to control (C, 5 g/day placebo powder, n = 7), mastic (M, 5 g/day mastic powder, n = 7), or mastic plus physical activity groups (M + PA, 5 g/day mastic powder and 30-min exercise three times/week, n = 7), and measurements were taken at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Serum triglycerides were significantly reduced at 3 months in M and M + PA compared with C (P < 0.05). Serum insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values were significantly reduced at 3 and 6 months in M + PA, and at 6 months in M, compared with C (P < 0.05). These results indicate that Chios mastic gum intake for 6 months reduced serum triglyceride and insulin concentrations, and additional exercise enhanced the effect on insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Fukazawa
- 1Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192 Japan
| | - Ilias Smyrnioudis
- The Chios Gum Mastic Growers Association, 1, K. Monomaxhou St., 82100 Chios, Greece
| | - Masayuki Konishi
- 3Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192 Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- 4Organization for University Research Initiatives, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Hyeon Ki Kim
- 4Organization for University Research Initiatives, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Mio Nishimaki
- 5Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-5-1 Nishigaoaka, Kita, Tokyo, 115-0056 Japan
| | - Mi Xiang
- 6Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan
| | - Shizuo Sakamoto
- 3Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192 Japan
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Jihene A, Karoui IJ, Ameni A, Hammami M, Abderrabba M. Volatile Compounds Analysis of Tunisian Propolis and Its Antifungal Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/jbm.2018.66009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saidi SA, Ncir M, Chaaben R, Jamoussi K, van Pelt J, Elfeki A. Liver injury following small intestinal ischemia reperfusion in rats is attenuated by Pistacia lentiscus oil: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:199-205. [PMID: 28338348 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1302961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) not only leads to severe intestine damage but also induced subsequent destruction of remote organs. OBJECTIVE We investigated the protective effect of Pistascia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) oil on IIR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham, intestinal IR and P. lentiscus pretreatment (n = 18 each). In the pretreatment group, oil was administered 1 h before induction of warm ischemia. RESULTS IIR led to severe liver damage manifested as a significant (p < .05) increase of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Pistacia lentiscus oil decreased the visible intestinal damage, as well as a significant decrease in serum AST and ALT levels. In addition, Pistacia lentiscus reduce liver injury, as evidenced by the decrease in liver tissue myeloperoxidase activity and lipoperoxidation (MDA) level. CONCLUSION Pistascia lentiscus attenuates liver injury induced by IIR, attributable to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Abdelkader Saidi
- a Department of Life Sciences , Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
- b Department of Hepatology , University Hospitals KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
- c Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts - Khulais , University of Jeddah , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Ncir
- a Department of Life Sciences , Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Rim Chaaben
- d Department of Biochemistry , CHU Habib Bourguiba of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Kamel Jamoussi
- d Department of Biochemistry , CHU Habib Bourguiba of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Jos van Pelt
- b Department of Hepatology , University Hospitals KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Abdelfattah Elfeki
- a Department of Life Sciences , Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
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Buriani A, Fortinguerra S, Sorrenti V, Dall'Acqua S, Innocenti G, Montopoli M, Gabbia D, Carrara M. Human Adenocarcinoma Cell Line Sensitivity to Essential Oil Phytocomplexes from Pistacia Species: a Multivariate Approach. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081336. [PMID: 28800126 PMCID: PMC6152281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) multivariate analysis was applied to study the cytotoxic activity of essential oils from various species of the Pistacia genus on human tumor cell lines. In particular, the cytotoxic activity of essential oils obtained from P. lentiscus, P. lentiscus var. chia (mastic gum), P. terebinthus, P. vera, and P. integerrima, was screened on three human adenocarcinoma cell lines: MCF-7 (breast), 2008 (ovarian), and LoVo (colon). The results indicate that all the Pistacia phytocomplexes, with the exception of mastic gum oil, induce cytotoxic effects on one or more of the three cell lines. PCA highlighted the presence of different cooperating clusters of bioactive molecules. Cluster variability among species, and even within the same species, could explain some of the differences seen among samples suggesting the presence of both common and species-specific mechanisms. Single molecules from one of the most significant clusters were tested, but only bornyl-acetate presented cytotoxic activity, although at much higher concentrations (IC50 = 138.5 µg/mL) than those present in the essential oils, indicating that understanding of the full biological effect requires a holistic vision of the phytocomplexes with all its constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Buriani
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Fortinguerra
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Sorrenti
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy.
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Gabbriella Innocenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Maria Carrara
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy.
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Ben Hsouna A, Ben Halima N, Smaoui S, Hamdi N. Citrus lemon essential oil: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with its preservative effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:146. [PMID: 28774297 PMCID: PMC5543433 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lemon (Citrus limon) is a flowing plant belonging to the Rutaceae family. Citrus plants constitute one of the main valuable sources of essential oil used in foods and medicinal purposes. METHODS In this study, we assessed chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of C. limon essential oil (ClEO) with its preservative effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the major components of the obtained ClEO. The antioxidant activities of this ClEO were determined according to the β-carotene bleaching assay, as well as by 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. For antimicrobial activity, agar well diffusion method was used and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) as well as the minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined. The in situ effect of the ClEO was evaluated through physicochemical parameters (pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as against L. monocytogenes in minced beef meat model. RESULTS Twenty one components were identified in the ClEO and the two dominant compounds were limonene (39.74%) and β-Pinene (25.44%). This ClEO displayed an excellent DPPH scavenging ability with an extract concentration providing 50% inhibition (IC50) of 15.056 μg/ml and a strong β-carotene bleaching inhibition after 120 min of incubation with an IC50 of 40.147 μg/ml. The MICs varied from 0.039 to 1.25 mg/ml for Gram positive bacteria and from 0.25 to 2.5 mg/ml for Gram-negative bacteria. The meat preserving potential of ClEO was investigated against L. monocytogenes. ClEO successfully inhibited development of L. monocytogenes in minced beef meat. The application of ClEO at a 0.06 and 0.312 mg/g, may open new promising opportunities for the prevention of contamination from and growth of pathogenic bacteria, particularly L. monocytogenes, during minced beef meat storage at 4 °C. Additionally, during storage period, physicochemical values (pH and TBARS) were higher in control meat than treated meat with ClEO suggesting an efficient antioxidant activity of ClEO. CONCLUSION It was suggested that the ClEO may be a new potential source as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents applied in food systems and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ben Hsouna
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Zarroug, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, PO Box 1177, Road Sidi Mansour 6 km, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nihed Ben Halima
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, PO Box 1177, Road Sidi Mansour 6 km, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules of the Center of Biotechnolgy of Sfax-Tunisia, Road of Sidi mansour, Km 6 B.P. 1117, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Naceur Hamdi
- College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, P.O. Box 53, Al-Rass, Saudi Arabia
- High Institute of Environmental Science and Technologies (HIEST), Borj Cedria, Tunisia
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Burešová I, Salek RN, Varga E, Masaříková L, Bureš D. The effect of Chios mastic gum addition on the characteristics of rice dough and bread. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Spyridopoulou K, Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Lampri E, Fitsiou E, Vasileiadis S, Vamvakias M, Bardouki H, Goussia A, Malamou-Mitsi V, Panayiotidis MI, Galanis A, Pappa A, Chlichlia K. Dietary mastic oil extracted from Pistacia lentiscus var. chia suppresses tumor growth in experimental colon cancer models. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630399 PMCID: PMC5476564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived bioactive compounds attract considerable interest as potential chemopreventive anticancer agents. We analyzed the volatile dietary phytochemicals (terpenes) present in mastic oil extracted from the resin of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia and comparatively investigated their effects on colon carcinoma proliferation, a) in vitro against colon cancer cell lines and b) in vivo on tumor growth in mice following oral administration. Mastic oil inhibited - more effectively than its major constituents- proliferation of colon cancer cells in vitro, attenuated migration and downregulated transcriptional expression of survivin (BIRC5a). When administered orally, mastic oil inhibited the growth of colon carcinoma tumors in mice. A reduced expression of Ki-67 and survivin in tumor tissues accompanied the observed effects. Notably, only mastic oil -which is comprised of 67.7% α-pinene and 18.8% myrcene- induced a statistically significant anti-tumor effect in mice but not α-pinene, myrcene or a combination thereof. Thus, mastic oil, as a combination of terpenes, exerts growth inhibitory effects against colon carcinoma, suggesting a nutraceutical potential in the fight against colon cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that orally administered mastic oil induces tumor-suppressing effects against experimental colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Spyridopoulou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Angeliki Tiptiri-Kourpeti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Evangeli Lampri
- Department of Pathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Eleni Fitsiou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Stavros Vasileiadis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Manolis Vamvakias
- VIORYL S.A., 28th km National Road Athens - Lamia, Afidnes, 19014, Greece
| | - Haido Bardouki
- VIORYL S.A., 28th km National Road Athens - Lamia, Afidnes, 19014, Greece
| | - Anna Goussia
- Department of Pathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Malamou-Mitsi
- Department of Pathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building A516, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Galanis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece.
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Güneş S, Savran A, Paksoy MY, Koşar M, Çakılcıoğlu U. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Karaisalı and its surrounding (Adana-Turkey). J Herb Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jurica K, Gobin I, Kremer D, Čepo DV, Grubešić RJ, Karačonji IB, Kosalec I. Arbutin and its metabolite hydroquinone as the main factors in the antimicrobial effect of strawberry tree ( Arbutus unedo L.) leaves. J Herb Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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A simple and reliable analytical method based on HPLC–UV to determine oleanonic acid content in Chios gum mastic for quality control. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 40:49-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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50
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Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Gikas E, Smyrnioudis I, Skaltsounis AL. Quality profile determination of Chios mastic gum essential oil and detection of adulteration in mastic oil products with the application of chiral and non-chiral GC-MS analysis. Fitoterapia 2016; 114:12-17. [PMID: 27514656 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The determination of mastic oil profile, with emphasis on its chiral characteristics, could serve as a method for detecting adulteration in products found in the market with a claim of mastic oil content aiming towards protecting it from counterfeiting. Furthermore the evaluation of the raw material is crucial, as the profile is potentially affected by factors as mastic origin and storage time. Thus 45 authentic mastic oil samples were analyzed by GC-MS employing a chiral column and content limits for all major constituents were determined. The chiral GC-MS analysis proved that selected concentration ratios between these constituents, namely those of (-)/(+)-α-pinene (≤1:100) and (-)-α-pinene/myrcene (1.9:100-11:100) could serve as markers for the determination of mastic oil authenticity. Employing this methodology, the analysis of 25 mastic oils contained in cosmetic and dietary products, as well as an artificial mastic oil sample, exhibited several differentiations that could indicate adulteration either with artificial essential oils or volatile compounds, or the use of aged mastic oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Paraschos
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Evagelos Gikas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Smyrnioudis
- Chios Mastic Gum Growers Association, 1 K. Monomachou St., Chios, GR 82100, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR 15771 Athens, Greece.
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