Our study aimed to report the burden of diseases attributable to high body mass index (BMI) in Asia from 1990 to 2019.

Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths, with trends quantified by the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). We also made projections for selected countries and estimated the relationship between the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) and high BMI-related disease burden.

From 1990 to 2019, high BMI-related diseases observed significant increases in the absolute number of deaths and DALYs, with EAPCs of 4.62 and 4.69, respectively, while the age-standardized rates of both deaths and DALYs also showed upward trends, with EAPCs of 1.39 and 1.80. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases, and neoplasms were the major contributors to the high BMI-related burden. The burden of high BMI-related diseases generally tended to be greater among males and older age groups. Predictions for selected countries indicated a continued rise in the number of deaths and DALYs for high BMI-related diseases, with a stabilization in the age-standardized rate. There was no significant association between SDI levels and the burden of high BMI-related diseases in Asia (coefficient=0.13, p = 0.39).

The burden of high BMI-related diseases, a major public health issue, was increasing in Asia. To address this problem, coordinated action by governments, civil society and other key stakeholders should be taken to enhance awareness of the risks associated with high BMI and effectively reduce its impact.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with high incidence and mortality rates. An increasing body of research suggests that obesity is a significant risk factor for the development of CRC. Moreover, recent findings have highlighted the close association between the gut microbiota and both obesity and CRC. Despite this, the specific mechanisms by which the gut microbiota influences obesity and CRC remain unclear. This study aims to explore the role of the gut bacterium Fusobacterium mortiferum and its metabolite 5-aminovaleric acid (5-AVA) in the development of obesity and CRC. Our study found that the metabolite 5-aminovaleric acid produced by Fusobacterium mortiferum significantly inhibits the expression of the tumor suppressor DKK2. This inhibition leads to enhanced proliferation of CRC cells. Furthermore, we discovered that Fusobacterium mortiferum and 5-AVA can activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by inhibiting DKK2, thereby promoting tumor growth. This finding was validated in CRC mouse models and in vitro experiments. Additional mechanistic studies revealed that 5-AVA interacts with the demethylase KDM6B, affecting the demethylation process of DKK2 and subsequently activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our study retrospectively collected fecal samples from patients who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University over the past five years. Participants were stratified into a healthy control group and an adenoma group based on the outcomes of their colonoscopies. Following this, we conducted metagenomic analysis to identify differential bacteria, and based on the results, we performed bacterial cultivation and metabolomic profiling. The roles of the targeted bacteria and their metabolites were further validated through animal models and cellular assays, employing techniques such as Western Blot, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, molecular docking simulations, and gene overexpression studies. This study uncovers the potential carcinogenic effects of Fusobacterium mortiferum and 5-AVA in the development of obesity and CRC. Our research emphasizes the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and host metabolism and suggests new directions for future research to explore how modulation of the gut microbiota could prevent and treat CRC.

Bio-accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in human body may result in various adverse health effects. This study measured the levels of 16 EDCs in the visceral adipose tissue of 55 participants in China and investigated their association with obesity. MeP, BPP, PrP, BPA, EtP, BPE, and BPC were frequently detected in more than 50 % of the adipose tissues. A positive correlation between bisphenol A and body mass index (BMI) was observed in both multivariate linear regression model (β = 0.87, 95 % confidence interval: 0.21-1.53, p = 0.011) and multivariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 1.28, 95 % confidence interval: 1.01-1.62, 0.044). Restricted cubic spline regression analysis revealed a significant nonlinear association between bisphenol P and BMI. Weighted quantile sum regression and quantile-based g-computation revealed a slight positive trend between EDCs mixed exposure and BMI, with bisphenol A as the primary contributor to the positive correlation with BMI. Our findings suggest the extensive existence of environmental EDCs in the adipose tissue of the adult Chinese population and indicate that exposure to BPA in adipose tissue may be associated with the occurrence of obesity.

Early detection of cardiac impairment in overweight and obesity is essential for early preventive strategies against heart failure. Myocardial work is a novel echocardiographic parameter that incorporates left ventricular afterload into global longitudinal strain analysis. This study aimed to: 1) assess subclinical alterations of myocardial work among non-diabetic overweight and obese individuals with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); 2) investigate the impact of cardiometabolic traits on these alterations; and 3) determine the correlation between myocardial work and myocardial tissue characteristics.

In the prospective EARLY-MYO-OBESITY-II study (NCT04933188), we enrolled 150 non-diabetic participants, including 50 obese individuals (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), 50 age- and gender-matched overweight individuals (BMI 25-30 kg/m2), and 50 healthy lean controls (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Non-invasive myocardial work was calculated from two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and cuff blood pressure, while myocardial fibrosis was assessed using extracellular volume fraction (ECV) and native T1 value from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Global work index (GWI) and constructive work (GCW) were decreased in the obese participants compared with the overweight and control groups. Both overweight and obese groups exhibited elevated global wasted work (GWW) and reduced global work efficiency (GWE). In multivariate regression analysis, elevated Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) values were independently associated with reduced GWI and GCW (β = -89.953 and -121.191, respectively). The overweight and obese groups showed elevated ECV and native T1 compared to the control group. GWW and GWE were significantly correlated with ECV (Spearman's Rho 0.516 and -0.547, respectively) and demonstrated superior predictive value for myocardial fibrosis (AUC = 0.86 and 0.82, respectively) compared to global longitudinal strain (AUC = 0.58).

Myocardial work is impaired in non-diabetic overweight and obese individuals, even with preserved LVEF. Insulin resistance is significantly and independently associated with myocardial work, highlighting the importance of targeting individuals with insulin resistance to reduce heart failure risk. Non-invasive myocardial work may serve as an image marker for detecting early cardiac fibrosis.

Symptomatic osteoarthritis can result in reduced mobility and exercise tolerance, leading to weight gain. Patients often feel that arthroplasty will result in improved mobility, reduced pain, and subsequent weight loss. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess weight changes following lower limb arthroplasty from available published literature.

A systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were performed in accordance to PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting significant weight changes of 5 % of pre-operative weight, 5 % of BMI and total weight change in kilograms following hip and knee arthroplasty were included. Outcomes assessed were weight changes according to groupings 'weight gain', 'maintained weight' and 'weight loss'. Secondarily we assessed weight changes in kilograms. Methodological quality of evidence was assessed using MINORS criteria.

In total, 21 studies were included with a total of 55,245 patients. In the '5 % of total weight' group 12.5 % gained weight, 74.2 % maintained weight and 13.3 % lost weight (weighted means). In the '5 % of BMI' group 22.1 % gained weight, 66.3 % maintained weight and 13.9 % lost weight (weighted means). Overall, 13 studies reported a weighted mean weight change of +0.7 kg. The majority of studies were of moderate/poor quality using MINORS criteria.

This systematic review found that the majority of patients maintain their preoperative weight following hip and knee arthroplasty. This study suggests that arthroplasty does not lead to weight loss from improved pain and mobility in the majority of patients. This study presents data that is important for surgeons and patients alike when considering potential weight changes following arthroplasty.

Obesity is a multifactorial disease influenced by several factors including poor diet, physical inactivity, and genetic predisposition. In recent years, the social and environmental context, along with race/ethnicity and gender, have been recognized as factors influencing obesity risk beyond traditional risk factors. This review aims to increase knowledge of these causal determinants and their implications for the treatment and management of obesity, addressing not only the individual but also the societal sphere.

A growing body of evidence emphasizes the interaction between the physical and social environments in shaping personal behaviors related to obesity. Social disparities, such as socioeconomic status (income, education, employment), racial/ethnic differences, and gender, contribute significantly to weight gain from childhood to adulthood. These factors increase the risk of obesity and related cardiovascular risk factors, independent of clinical and demographic variables, and may lead to stigma and discrimination against those affected.

Obesity prevention solutions, from community programs to national policies, may be more effective if they address social, gender, and ethnic barriers. Understanding obesity requires a comprehensive approach that includes social, environmental, and psychological factors, as well as biological causes, to help obesity experts develop more effective interventions tailored to obesity and related diseases.

To evaluate the potential dose-response relationships of all-cause and cardiovascular death with the accumulation of various dietary habits.

A prospective cohort study.

Twenty-three dietary habits were assessed through face-to-face interviews with 57,737 participants in health check-up programs from 2015 to 2021. The total score of various dietary habits was calculated as the sum of each dietary habit multiplied by its own full-adjusted coefficient (β) for all-cause mortality in Cox proportional hazard models. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted for the associations of total and cause-specific mortality with the scores of various dietary habits.

1,692 deaths occurred after the earliest check-ups in our center, followed up for a median time of 2.14 years (range: 1.01-7.71 years). Total mortality was 11.23/1,000 person-years, and the mean scores of dietary habits were 2.83±2.14. All-cause mortality increased significantly with the cumulative score of dietary habits (the highest quartile vs. lowest quartile: adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.72; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.49-1.99; Plinear <0.01). Significance was also found for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (HR, 1.82; 95 % CI, 1.47-2.27; Plinear <0.01), cancer mortality (AHR, 1.59; 95 % CI, 1.23-2.04; Plinear <0.01), and other-cause mortality (AHR, 2.00; 95 % CI, 1.46-2.73; Plinear <0.01). These dose-response trends were more significant in total mortality and CVD mortality among middle-aged adults, and non-obese population.

The greater the accumulation of diverse dietary habits, the higher the total mortality, CVD mortality, cancer mortality, and other mortality. This additive effect was particularly pronounced in the risk of death among middle-aged individuals and those with average body statures.

Precision diabetology is increasingly becoming diabetes phenotype-driven, whereby the specific hormonal imbalances involved are taken into consideration. Concomitantly, body weight-favorable therapeutic approaches are being dictated by the obesity pandemic, which extends to all diabetes subpopulations. Amylin, an anorexic neuroendocrine hormone co-secreted with insulin, is deficient in individuals with diabetes and plays an important role in postprandial glucose homeostasis, with additional potential cardiovascular and neuroprotective functions. Its actions include suppressing glucagon secretion, delaying gastric emptying, increasing energy expenditure and promoting satiety. While amylin holds promise as a therapeutic agent, its translation into clinical practice is hampered by complex receptor biology, the limitations of animal models, its amyloidogenic properties and pharmacokinetic challenges. In individuals with advanced β-cell dysfunction, supplementing insulin therapy with pramlintide, the first and currently only approved injectable short-acting selective analog of amylin, has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing both postprandial and overall glycemic control in both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia or weight gain. Current research focuses on several key strategies, from enhancing amylin stability by attaching polyethylene glycol or carbohydrate molecules to amylin, to developing oral amylin formulations to improve patients' convenience, as well as developing various combination therapies to enhance weight loss and glucose regulation by targeting multiple receptors in metabolic pathways. The novel synergistically acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist combined with the amylin agonist, CagriSema, shows promising results in both glucose regulation and weight management. As such, amylin agonists (combined with other members of the incretin class) could represent the elusive drug candidate to address the multi-hormonal dysregulations of diabetes subtypes and qualify as a precision medicine approach that surpasses the long overdue division into T1DM and T2DM. Further development of amylin-based therapies or delivery systems is crucial to fully unlock the therapeutic potential of this intriguing hormone.Graphical abstract available for this article.

Obesity affects 53% of gout patients, while its effect on urate-lowering therapy (ULT) is unclear. This study aimed to compare the response to febuxostat among different BMI catalogs of male gout patients.

A prospective study recruited 633 men with gout, classified by BMI into normal-weight, overweight and obese groups. Baseline age, disease duration and serum urate (SU) levels were matched simultaneously. All participants received febuxostat for 12 weeks, increasing the dosage from 20 to 40 mg daily. We compared the efficacy of ULT and the incidence of gout flares in three groups. Cox regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for achieving target SU levels before and after matching. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves were used to illustrate the relationship between BMI and hazard ratio (HR) for SU achievement.

The proportion of participants achieving SU < 6.0 mg/dl in the obese group was 38.9%, significantly lower than the overweight (54.2%) and normal-weight groups (63.8%) (P < 0.05), with no significant difference between the overweight and normal-weight groups at week 12. High BMI (HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.96, P < 0.001) independently prevented achieving the SU target, with a similar effect after matching. Obese and overweight individuals had a higher cumulative incidence of gout flares compared with the normal-weight group (P < 0.05). The linear relationship between BMI and HR for achieving the SU target was suggested by RCS (nonlinear P > 0.05).

Obesity significantly reduces the efficacy of febuxostat-based ULT in male gout patients rather than being overweight.

China Clinical Trial Registry, #ChiCTR2300078804.

Inducing adipose browning to increase energy expenditure has recently emerged as a promising approach for antiobesity treatment. However, its therapeutic efficacy is often limited by poor adipose-targeted drug delivery and suboptimal browning efficiency. To address these challenges, an adipose-targeting aptamer (Apt8) and browning agent resveratrol (Res) were used to construct an Apt-modified and Res-loaded degradable mesoporous silica-coated Au nanorods nanocarriers (NC), termed Res@NC@Apt8, achieving adipose-targeted hyperthermia-pharmacotherapy. Upon internalization by adipocytes, laser irradiation induces mild local hyperthermia (LHT) via Res@NC@Apt8, triggering calcium ion (Ca2+) influx. Simultaneously, the interaction of the nanohybrid with local glutathione (GSH) releases Res. The dual mechanisms activate the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, reduce the lipid droplet content, enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, and accelerate metabolism, thereby synergistically promoting adipose browning. Intravenous Res@NC@Apt8 administration in obese mice significantly drives adipose reduction and further achieves excellent antiobesity therapeutic efficacy. This synergistic treatment achieves a superior weight reduction of 17.2% compared with 6.9% and 10.6% achieved using LHT and pharmacotherapy alone, respectively. This study introduces a novel strategy for achieving activatable LHT and drug release for synergetic obesity treatment.

Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of the phentermine and topiramate combination in weight management. This research evaluated the efficacy and safety of phentermine/topiramate extended release (ER) for weight management, focusing on alterations in body weight and metabolic parameters in routine clinical practice.

We retrospectively included people with obesity who initiated phentermine/topiramate ER between January 2020 and April 2023 at 10 tertiary hospitals in South Korea. The study assessed body weight changes at 5-6 months and for those who continued, at 12 months, along with metabolic parameters. Total body weight was measured using calibrated electronic scales with participants in light indoor clothing.

The cohort included 1839 patients (540 men and 1299 women), with a 5-6-month continuation rate of 48%. At 5-6 months, the mean weight reduction was 7.9%, with sex-specific losses of 7.1% in men and 8.2% in women. Over 56% of participants achieved more than 5% weight loss, with 23% exceeding a 10% reduction. Younger participants, women and those with moderate to severe obesity exhibited more pronounced weight loss compared to older men and individuals with mild obesity, respectively. Concurrently, phentermine/topiramate ER treatment improved glucose regulation, lipid profiles and decreased blood pressure: the HbA1c decreased by 0.4 ± 0.9%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 10 ± 32 mg/dL and systolic blood pressure by 6 ± 15 mmHg (all p < 0.001). Treatment was well-tolerated, with a 15% incidence of mild adverse events like paresthesia, dry mouth and insomnia. At 12 months, patients who persisted in treatment (21%) experienced an average weight loss of 9.6%, with 65% surpassing a 5% weight loss.

The study suggests phentermine/topiramate ER is an effective option for obesity management in a South Korean population, though long-term adherence remains a challenge.

The growing interest of the public in healthy food products with adequate nutritional quality has triggered a search for novel sources of protein. This review discusses scientific evidence on the available sources, processing, and biological properties of plant-based protein and bioactive peptides, with a particular emphasis on pulses, as these are some of the most important sources of protein and peptides displaying a wide range of health benefits. Processing plant-based proteins and derived peptides require standardized methods ensuring the improvement of their nutritional quality to counteract limiting factors affecting their evenness to other protein sources. If protein and bioactive peptides can be produced as functional ingredients, the industry releases patents, making them highly marketable to develop functional food products. Current research supports that plant-based food products constitute a nutritious part of a healthy diet by preventing chronic non-communicable diseases, but more studies, particularly clinical trials, are needed to demonstrate these effects fully.

Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease associated with multiple complications. This study described real-world demographic/clinical characteristics, including obesity-related complications (ORCs), prescribing rationale, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for adults living with obesity in Canada accessing treatment.

This was a cross-sectional survey of physicians and consulting people with obesity (PwO) in Canada with retrospective data capture in a real-world setting. Canadian data were drawn between July and November 2022 from the multinational Adelphi Real World Obesity Disease Specific Programme™. Consulting PwO were required to be on a weight management program and/or have a current body mass index of ≥30 kg/m2. Physicians completed questionnaires for the next 3-5 consecutive PwO seen in their routine clinical practice. A quota was applied for obesity management medication (OMM). PROMs including Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire were provided voluntarily by PwO. Analyses were descriptive.

Overall, 50 physicians (35 general practitioners, 15 endocrinologists) and 199 PwO were analyzed. More than 85 % of PwO had ≥1 ORC. The most common ORCs were hypertension, dyslipidemia, depression, and type 2 diabetes, and one-quarter to one-half of ORCs were not optimally controlled. Approximately two-thirds of the cohort were employed full-time, almost half had private insurance, and almost 70 % were classified as high socio-economic status. Mean number of weight-reduction attempts over the past 3 years was 2.9. Pharmacological treatment for obesity was common among those with ORCs. A general trend towards greater work impairment among people with ORCs than for PwO without ORCs was observed.

Among PwO participating in our study, ORCs were common, often uncontrolled, and their presence impacted the likelihood of obesity treatment and possibly impaired work productivity. Medical treatment for obesity was often delayed until ORCs developed, suggesting that preventative healthcare measures are not the norm for PwO in Canada. A large proportion of PwO had high socioeconomic status, suggesting that PwO who access treatment may not be representative of the overall population of PwO in Canada.

There little known about bariatric surgeries performed in Poland. We aimed to analyze trends in bariatric surgery performed in public health system in Poland.

Data was obtained from the National Health Fund (NFZ) database of aggregated statistics for the years 2017-2022. We retrieved data about hospitalizations during which bariatric surgery was performed. We performed descriptive statistics.

From 2017 to 2022, the number of bariatric surgeries in Poland's public healthcare system increased from 3,278 to 5,580, with a temporary decline in 2020. The number of procedures per 100,000 residents increased from 8.5 in 2017 to 14.7 in 2022. The majority of surgeries (73.3%) were performed on women. Sleeve gastrectomy was the most frequently reported procedure. The median duration of hospitalizations was 3 days. The in-hospital mortality rate was equal to 0.057.

Between 2017 and 2022, bariatric surgeries in the Polish public healthcare system increased by about 70%, with a temporary drop in 2020. Nevertheless, Poland still reports fewer procedures per 100,000 residents compared to other developed countries. A key limitation of this study is the absence of data from private sector.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-025-01600-0.

Energy-restricted (ER) diets promote weight loss and improve body composition and glycaemic control. Nut consumption also improves these parameters. However, less is known about the combined benefit of these two strategies. This scoping review implemented a systematic search of Medline, Embase and Scopus to identify randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of ER diets with or without nuts on body mass, body composition and glycaemic control in adults. After reviewing titles and abstracts, twenty-nine full-text articles were screened, resulting in seven studies reported in eight papers that met the inclusion criteria. Energy restriction was achieved by prescribing a set energy target or reducing intake by 1000-4200 kJ from daily energy requirements. Interventions ranged from 4 to 52 weeks in duration and contained 42-84 g/d of almonds, peanuts, pistachios or walnuts. While all studies reported that energy restriction resulted in significant weight loss, the addition of nuts to ER diets demonstrated significantly greater weight loss in only approximately half of the included studies (4/7 studies). There was limited evidence to support additional benefits from nuts for body composition measures or glycaemic control. Although improvements in weight loss and glycaemia were not consistent when nuts were included in ER diets, no study revealed an adverse effect of nut consumption on health outcomes. Future studies could explore the effect of consuming different types and amounts of nuts, combined with various levels of energy restriction on weight, body composition and glycaemic control.

Huatanhuoxue Decoction (HTHX) is a traditional Chinese formula consisting of nine herbs. It is used to improve obesity-related asthma symptoms and reduce airway inflammation.

To study HTHX effects on airway inflammation in obese asthmatic mice via the IL-17 A signaling pathway.

Network pharmacology was used to predict the bioactive ingredients in HTHX. Subsequently, an obese asthma model was established by high-fat diet feeding and exposure to house dust mite. The effects of HTHX on obesity-related asthma progression were investigated using histopathological examinations, airway hyperresponsiveness determinations, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The mechanism of action of HTHX was confirmed by Western blots, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analyses.

HTHX alleviated the development in obese asthma mice by improving the pathological condition of lung tissue, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammatory factors. Network pharmacology identified the involvement of the IL-17 signaling pathway. HTHX decreased the production of neutrophils and the expression of NETs in lung tissue. HTHX also reduced group 3 innate lymphoid cells and Th17 cells, which are responsible for producing IL-17 A. The production of IL-17 A-related protein was also suppressed. The results indicate that HTHX inhibited the excessive activation of the IL-17 A signaling pathway.

HTHX alleviated airway inflammation by regulating the IL-17 A signaling pathway in obese asthmatic mice.

V-raf-leukemia viral oncogene 1(RAF1), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is universally acknowledged to play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and cell development. However, the specific role of hypothalamic RAF1 in regulating energy metabolism remains unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of RAF1 was significantly increased in hypothalamic AgRP neurons of diet induced obesity (DIO) mice. Under normal chow diet (NCD) feeding, over-expression of Raf1 in AgRP neurons leads to obesity in mice characterized by increased body weight, fat mass, and impaired glucose tolerance. Conversely, knock-out of the Raf1 gene in AgRP neurons protects against DIO, reducing fat mass and improving glucose tolerance. Mechanistically, Raf1 activates the MAPK signaling pathway, culminating in cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, which enhances transcription of Agrp and Npy. Insulin stimulation further potentiates the RAF1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-CREB axis, highlighting RAF1's role in integrating hormonal and nutritional signals to regulate energy balance. Collectively, these findings underscore the important role of RAF1 in AgRP neurons in maintaining the energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis, positioning it and its downstream pathways as potential therapeutic targets for innovative strategies to combat obesity and related metabolic diseases.

Growing rates of overweight and obesity worldwide call for novel approaches to treatment, and plant-derived natural products present a promising therapeutic option. Evaluate the efficacy of plant-derived natural products as dietary interventions for overweight and obesity through a systematic review and network meta-analysis. We conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We searched from five databases and registries up to March 2024, selecting randomized controlled trials examining dietary interventions with plant-derived natural products for adults with obesity or overweight. The frequentist approach was used for the network meta-analysis, assessing 13 metabolic and obesity-related outcomes. Our review included 39 studies with 2513 participants with PROSPERO registration ID CRD42024520305. African Mango emerged as the most effective intervention, reducing body weight (MD: -10.00 kg, 95% CI: -16.74 to -3.26), waist circumference (MD: -11.70 cm, 95% CI: -17.15 to -6.25), total cholesterol (MD: -44.01 mg/dL, 95% CI: -58.95 to -29.08), triglycerides (MD: -42.65 mg/dL, 95% CI: -79.70 to -5.60), and random blood glucose (MD: -14.95 mg/dL, 95% CI: -18.60 to -11.30). Green coffee led to the largest reduction in body fat percentage (MD: -2.90%, 95% CI: -4.88 to -0.92) and BMI (MD: -3.08 kg/m2, 95% CI: -6.35 to 0.19). Ephedra was most effective in reducing fasting blood glucose (MD: -4.60 mg/dL, 95% CI: -5.49 to -3.71) and HOMA-IR (MD: -16.20, 95% CI: -18.66 to -13.74). There were too few direct comparisons between various metabolites; thus, most of the comparisons were indirect comparisons through placebo. Plant-derived natural products significantly impact obesity management, notably in body weight, waist circumference, and lipid profile reduction; however, further high-quality and rigorous studies were needed to establish the clinical efficacy of the plant-derived natural products.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of acupressure applied to patients after bariatric surgery on gastrointestinal functions, pain, and anxiety.

The study was conducted as a randomized controlled experimental trial with a placebo group. The research data were collected at the General Surgery Clinic of Private Aktif Kocaeli Hospital between January 2023 and March 2024 from 90 patients (30 in the control group, 30 in the intervention group, and 30 in the placebo group) who underwent bariatric surgery. The "Patient Descriptive Form," "Postoperative Gastrointestinal Functions Assessment Form," "Visual Analog Scale," "Verbal Pain Scale,'' and "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory" were used in data collection. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 22 package program, and the results were interpreted at a p < 0.05 significance level.

Of the patients in the intervention group, 63.3% flatulated at the 12th postoperative hour, 43.3% passed stool, and there was a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05); they consumed more food daily (p < 0.05), their pain (3.43 ± 0.97) and distension (3.20 ± 1.06) scores were lower, and more patients (46.7%) experienced mild pain (p < 0.05). Although there was no statistically significant difference between the mean nausea scores of the groups at the 6th, 12th, 24th, and 48th postoperative hours, the mean nausea scores of the patients in the intervention group at the 12th postoperative hour (0.33 ± 5.07) were lower than those of the control (1.33 ± 1.83) and placebo groups (1.33 ± 4.34) (p > 0.05). All three groups had similar mean state-trait anxiety scores (p > 0.05).

The study found that acupressure applied after bariatric surgery ensured that patients flatulated and passed stool in the early period, increased food consumption, and reduced abdominal distension and pain. In line with these results, it can be recommended that acupressure be applied in clinics after surgery.

The medical needs of obesity have been underrecognized, though it has posed long-term and enormous challenges to global health. Correspondingly, clinical services for obesity are still uncommon and in their infancy across health systems. It is meaningful to sort out the implementation of such clinical services involving a multiplicity of factors to identify measures for service development, scaling-up and optimization. This study aims to generate a comprehensive understanding of key variables and factors in the utilization and delivery of clinical services for adult patients with obesity and their dynamic patterns and to explore viable options for improved implementation of such services in health systems. We conducted a scoping review of published articles in the database from the lens of system dynamics through causal loop diagramming. Based on the data obtained from the review, we employed the causal loop diagramming as a tool to capture the variables in the implementation of clinical obesity services and their causal relationships. Twenty-one studies were finally included in the review. Based on the evidence consolidated through the review, we developed a causal loop diagram containing 19 causal variables and 38 causal arrows in single directions centered around the service utilization and delivery in the clinical obesity service. The feedback loops revealed potential activation points to intervene to facilitate the service implementation, such as, promotion of obesity as a disease with medical needs and available clinical services, provision of obesity-specific medical education and training opportunities, and prioritization of obesity-specific procedures in clinical protocols. The possible intervention points identified through the causal loop analysis can facilitate the development, implementation, and optimization of clinical obesity services in health systems.

Abdominal massage has been found to exert an important role in helping people in overcoming obesity. However, the mechanism by which abdominal massage induces weight loss remains largely unclear.

Healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly grouped into standard diet control (15% fat content) group and high-fat diet (HFD, 40% fat content) group. After 6 weeks of high-fat feeding, rats in the HFD group were successfully modeled, and then separated into the HFD group and HFD plus abdominal massage group. Rats in the HFD plus abdominal massage group were then subjected to abdominal massage for 12 continuous days.

Compared to the HFD group, abdominal massage could decrease body weight, food intake and abdominal fat index (AFI) of HFD-fed rats. Meanwhile, compared to the HFD group, abdominal massage obviously attenuated mucosal epithelial damage and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in colon mucosal tissues of HFD-fed rats. Furthermore, compared to the HFD group, abdominal massage significantly increased GPR42 and GPR43 levels in the colon tissues of HFD-fed rats, and upregulated the production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) in colon mucosal tissues of HFD-fed rats.

Collectively, abdominal massage could decrease food intake and body weight in HFD-induced obese rats through upregulating GPR41/GPR43-PYY/GLP-1 axis.

The obesity epidemic is a major public health problem nowadays. The pathophysiology of obesity, which underlies its chronic, progressive, self-sustaining course, determines the difficulties in developing effective and safe methods for body weight control. The article is dedicated to the consideration of the evolution of conservative treatment of obesity, in particular, the history of pharmacotherapy of this disease, characterized by many ups and downs, is presented. The paper discusses, in chronological order, the emergence, efficacy, mechanisms of action, and described side effects of drugs that were investigated and used for weight loss at one time or another, as well as the reasons why many of them were subsequently withdrawn from the market. Until recently, long-term effective and safe pharmacotherapy of obesity remained an insurmountable challenge. Only in the last two decades has the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of appetite control reached a level that allows for a more productive search and development of promising drugs aimed at the pathogenetic treatment of obesity. This article discusses the status of currently available drugs for weight loss, as well as the prospects for drug treatment of obesity. The results of clinical trials of advanced therapeutic molecules, including gastrointestinal hormone receptor agonists, reinforce the belief that a breakthrough in the drug treatment of obesity is possible.

Same-day discharge (SDD) protocols for anastomotic metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) have emerged as a strategy to optimise healthcare resources. However, concerns regarding safety, particularly related to mortality and postoperative complications, remain unresolved. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the safety of SDD with standard overnight hospitalisation (OH) in anastomotic MBS, focusing on early postoperative outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. Four studies, including 19,849 patients (24.4% undergoing SDD), were analysed. Outcomes assessed included 30-day overall morbidity, mortality, readmission, reoperation rates and complications categorised by the Clavien-Dindo classification. A random-effects model was used for data pooling, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. SDD was associated with a significantly higher risk of 30-day mortality (OR 7.24; 95% CI 2.27-23.52; p = 0.001; I2 = 26%) and overall morbidity (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.29-2.76; p = 0.001; I2 = 4%) compared to OH. No significant differences were observed in readmission (OR 1.17; 95% CI 0.61-2.22; p = 0.64; I2 = 79.1%) or reoperation rates (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.47-2.03; p = 0.96; I2 = 61%). Interestingly, SDD was associated with a significantly lower rate of major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade III/IV) compared to OH (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.44-0.91; p = 0.013; I2 = 9%). The observed increase in mortality and morbidity among SDD patients underscores the need for stringent patient selection, standardised discharge protocols and robust follow-up systems. Prospective studies are required to refine SDD protocols and ensure their safe implementation.

Papuan people inhabiting the island of New Guinea are the most ancient population living outside Africa, having resided in the region for at least 50,000 years. The arrival of Austronesian speakers and other group from mainland Asia around 3000 years or so created a peculiar genetic mixture, particularly in lowland/coastal areas. We investigated the anthropometric and blood chemical differences alongside the population structure of the ABCG2 rs2231142 genetic variant of West Papuans from lowland/coastal and highland areas to understand metabolic risk differences between these two populations.

We studied West Papuan students from lowland/coastal areas (n = 78, 45 males, 33 females) and from highland areas (n = 65, 40 males, 25 females). We found the following: (1) The lowland/coastal Papuans were taller, with lower BMI, central obesity, and triceps. Contrarily, highland Papuans have a more gynoid body shape, with higher WC, HC, WHR, and WHtR. The skinfolds were significantly thicker in women from the highlands. (2) There was actually a negative correlation between BMI and central adiposity with UA and FBG to those from the highlands. The lowland/coastal Papuans indicated an Asian-type metabolic traits, with higher fasting glucose levels at lower BMI and lower central adiposity. (3) UA concentration and DBP were strongly correlated with obesity of the Papuans from lowlands/coasts and not in the Papuans from highlands. (4) There was a striking difference in the ABCG2 rs2231142 > T allele frequency in those from the lowlands/coasts (22%) compared to those from the highlands of West Papua (7%). The T variant in the latter is all heterozygous.

The higher adiposity and thicker skinfolds observed in highland Papuans are thought to be adaptive responses to the high-altitude environment, enabling greater adipose tissue expandability and energy storage capacity while maintaining metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, the lowland/coastal Papuans exhibit an Asian metabolic phenotype, which is more prone to metabolic derangements at lower adiposity. Our findings on the population distribution of the ABCG2 rs2231142 > T variant support the idea that its presence in the Papuan highlands is through demic diffusion of the variant from ISEA, indicating that the two populations are separate entities displaying differences in metabolic risks.

This study examined the health benefits of 3-O-butanoylresveratrol (ED4), a monoester derivative of resveratrol butyrate esters. Using a high-calorie diet model simulation with Chinese sausage, ED4 was tested against changes in physiological indices like body weight (BW), body fat, blood pressure, and SCFA levels (stools and serum) in rats. This study found that the obesity-inducing model utilizing sausage as a high-calorie diet worked, and that supplementing rats with ED4 (20 mg/kg BW/day) for 5 weeks inhibited BW increase and body fat buildup. Blood lipid and SCFA dysregulation improved significantly. In addition, ED4 effectively increased PPAR-γ and decreased SREBP-1C mRNA expression, preventing fat accumulation and overproduction. A novel food-driven relationship between gut microbiota and adipose was found, promoting health. Our findings showed that ED4 supplementation exacerbated metabolic abnormalities caused by high-calorie diets and reduced body fat. Notably, these metabolic benefits were enhanced through the involvement of intestinal microbiota.

Consuming unhealthy foods in emotional states can increase body mass index (BMI), contribute to becoming overweight, and lead to the development of chronic diseases. This study aims to investigate the associations between BMI, emotional motivation for food consumption, and health outcomes.

"The Motivations for Food Choices" (EATMOT) questionnaire was used to assess the emotional components of food consumption in 9,036 individuals from 12 European countries. The multivariate analysis included linear and logistic regression to examine associations between variables.

Regression models confirmed associations between BMI, emotional motivation for food consumption (β = 0.13; p < 0.001), obesity (β = 0.35; p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (β = 0.04; p < 0.001 for both). Using food as a coping mechanism for stress contributed to an increase in BMI [OR = 1.31 (95% CI 1.14-1.51); p < 0.001]. Emotional consolation was associated with a higher likelihood of an increased BMI [OR = 1.22 (95% CI 1.03-1.44); p = 0.020] and obesity [OR = 1.47 (95% CI 1.06-2.06); p = 0.022]. Participants with obesity had a greater likelihood of developing noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases [OR = 2.18 (95% CI 1.45-3.28); p < 0.001], diabetes mellitus [OR = 2.02 (95% CI 1.31-3.12); p = 0.001], hypercholesterolemia [OR = 1.62 (95% CI 1.13-2.32); p = 0.009], hypertension [OR = 1.85 (95% CI 1.36-2.52); p < 0.001], and gastric disorders [OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.16-2.85); p = 0.010].

These results underscore the need for targeted public health interventions that address emotional eating behaviors and promote healthier coping strategies to mitigate the risk of obesity and related health complications.

Although the high-protein diets (HPDs) on weight control and body composition management are well investigated, mix results have been reported across studies and this variability may be attributed to differences in the composition of other macronutrients within HPDs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of HPDs with varied macronutrient compositions on body composition and cardiometabolic health outcomes through a systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis.

A comprehensive search of four databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science) was conducted to identify relevant randomized controlled trials. A total of 83 articles were selected for systematic review and both meta-analyses.

Significant reduction in body mass (BM) (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.25; 95% CI: -0.40, -0.11), body mass index (BMI) (SMD = -0.26; 95% CI: -0.38, -0.15), waist circumference (WC) (SMD = -0.19; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.04), fat mass (FM) (mean difference [MD] = -0.64 kg; 95% CI: -0.98, -0.29), along with increase in lean body mass (LBM) (MD = 0.34 kg; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.57) were observed with HPDs regiments compared to normal-protein diets. Specifically, the high-protein, moderate-carbohydrate and high-fat diet ranked the best in reducing BM, BMI, WC, FM, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and increasing LBM; while the high-protein, low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet obtained the highest score in reducing triglyceride and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

HPDs effectively reduce FM and increase LBM, and offers potential cardiometabolic benefits. Additionally, the manipulation of carbohydrate content in HPDs may further influence these outcomes.

PROSPERO (CRD42023483907).

Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a major global health burden and is often preceded by a prediabetic state characterized by insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Mitochondrial alterations, oxidative stress, and disturbances in lipid metabolism are central to the prediabetes pathophysiology. Melatonin, a pleiotropic indolamine, is known to regulate metabolic and mitochondrial processes; however, its therapeutic potential in prediabetes remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of melatonin on energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function in a rat model of prediabetes induced by chronic sucrose intake and low-dose streptozotocin administration. Following prediabetes induction, animals were treated with melatonin (20 mg/kg) for four weeks. Biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate glucose and lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function was assessed via gene expression, enzymatic activity, and oxidative stress markers. Additionally, hepatic mitochondrial dynamics were examined by quantifying key regulators genes associated with biogenesis, fusion, and fission. Prediabetic animals exhibited dyslipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation, increased fat depots, and impaired glucose metabolism. Melatonin significantly reduced serum glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels, while enhancing the hepatic high-density lipoprotein content. It also stimulated β-oxidation by upregulating hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase activity. Mitochondrial dysfunction in prediabetic animals was evidenced by the reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha and mitochondrial transcription factor A, both of which were markedly upregulated by melatonin. The indolamine also modulated mithocondrial dynamics by regulating fusion and fission markers, including mitosuin 1 and 2, optic atrophy protein, and dynamin-related protein. Additionally, melatonin mitigated oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase while reducing lipid peroxidation. These findings highlight melatonin's protective role in prediabetes by improving lipid and energy metabolism, alleviating oxidative stress, and restoring mitochondrial homeostasis. This study provides novel insights into the therapeutic potential of melatonin in addressing metabolic disorders, particularly in mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction associated with prediabetes.

This updated systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to re-evaluate the potential impact of body mass index (BMI) on the risk of recurrent stroke among stroke survivors.

We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases for studies published up to January 20, 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or case-control studies enrolling adult stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) survivors, with at least one year of follow-up, and reporting stroke recurrence by BMI categories. Studies were required to define stroke using clinical diagnosis or the International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes, and to categorize BMI using the World Health Organization (WHO) or Asia-Pacific classifications. The primary outcome was recurrent stroke risk between individuals with and without obesity, assessed using risk ratios (RRs). Secondary outcomes evaluated recurrent stroke risk across WHO BMI categories using adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). (PROSPERO: CRD42024580168) RESULTS: Fourteen studies (136,581 subjects) were included in the qualitative review (systematic review). Two using Asia-Pacific criteria were excluded, leaving 12 studies using WHO-classified BMI for quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). Meta-analysis showed no significant difference in stroke recurrence between individuals with and without obesity (RR = 0.89, 95 % CI: 0.71-1.13). Meta-analysis of adjusted HRs showed no significant difference in stroke recurrence risk for individuals with underweight or overweight compared to those with normal weight. However, in the subgroup with ≥ 3 years follow-up, overweight was significantly associated with lower recurrent stroke risk (HR = 0.91). Also, individuals with obesity had a significantly lower stroke recurrence risk than normal weight individuals (HR = 0.85), particularly among those aged ≥ 65 years (HR = 0.82).

Overweight and obesity may be associated with a lower risk of stroke recurrence, particularly in older adults and during long-term follow-up (≥ 3 years). These findings suggest a potential obesity paradox in stroke survivors, warranting further investigations.

Obesity is a chronic disease associated with an increased dietary fat intake and reduced physical activity, posing significant health risks, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and diminished quality of life. This study investigated the anti-obesity potential of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) derived from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL-MCFAs) in male C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Lauric acid (>50% of total BSFL lipids) was the predominant fatty acid. Mice supplemented with BSFL-MCFAs exhibited significantly lower weight gain and food efficiency ratios (FERs) than HFD-fed mice, despite similar food intake. Medium-chain fatty acids derived from BSFL supplementation also attenuated HFD-induced increases in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels while improving cardiac risk indices. Furthermore, BSFL-MCFAs reduced serum glucose and leptin levels, mitigated hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress marker expression, and decreased serum alanine transaminase levels, indicating protective effects against obesity-related metabolic dysregulation. These findings suggest that BSFL-MCFAs enhance energy expenditure and thermogenesis, thereby contributing to effective weight management and obesity prevention. As a sustainable and functional lipid source, BSFL-MCFAs hold promise as a feed additive for animals and as a dietary ingredient for preventing pet obesity, offering an innovative approach to combat obesity and its associated health risks.

Diabetes, affecting 18.3% of young adults in Mexico (6), is influenced by both genetic factors and shared unhealthy habits within families.

To determine the metabolic abnormalities in relatives of people with T2D, stratified by body mass index.

This observational, descriptive study was conducted at the Center for Comprehensive Care for Patients with Diabetes (CAIPaDi). The study involved relatives of participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), recruited between June 2017 and December 2020. The relatives were people without diabetes, including spouses, siblings, offspring, or close family members aged 18 to 65 who spent over four days a week with the patient. Exclusion criteria included relatives diagnosed with diabetes, smokers, or any individual from a patient-relative pair that was excluded. All participants underwent laboratory tests and body measurements. Relatives were classified into three groups based on body weight: normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The relatives attended four monthly visits and then annual evaluations. Ethical approval was obtained.

The study enrolled 220 relatives of people with T2DM, 69% women, median age 49±12 years; 19.5% with normal weight, 40.4% overweight, and 40% with obesity. Prediabetes (39.4%), dyslipidemia (67.2%), and abnormal liver function tests (32.2%) were prevalent. Higher levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol were associated with increased risk for comorbid conditions. Anxiety and depression showed no significant differences across weight categories.

These results highlight the importance of overweight and obesity as factors associated with the presence of comorbidities and the metabolic syndrome. It is essential to implement strategies to promote healthy habits among family members of people with diabetes, especially in those who are overweight or obese to reduce the risk of developing future metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity, promoting significant and lasting weight loss while improving health and quality of life. The study examines the clinical and organizational pathway of patients undergoing it, assessing the impact of health services on their well-being through health status analysis. It also seeks to understand whether patient satisfaction during the care process correlates with improved quality of life. A total of 50 patients with severe obesity were included between July 2020 and October 2022. The evaluation was conducted using the Short Form Health Survey 36 and an ad hoc questionnaire at three stages: before the intervention (T0), at six months (T1) and at 12 months (T2). ANOVA analysis showed significant differences between T0, T1 and T2 for most variables except for the number of health professionals consulted (p = 0.09). The Tukey post-hoc test confirmed these differences for several variables, with some exceptions, including medication use (T0-T1: p = 0.14), number of health professionals consulted (T0-T1: p = 0.68; T0-T2: p = 0.08; T1-T2: p = 0.37), and patient-care team relationship between T1 and T2 (p = 0.08). The study confirms the effectiveness of bariatric surgery and emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to patient management.

Obesity poses a significant global health burden. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of obesity in Mongolia and its associations with autonomic and cognitive functions while considering potential psychosocial risk factors.

This population-based, cross-sectional study included 382 participants who underwent physical examinations, completed health-related questionnaires, and participated in heart rate variability (HRV) testing for autonomic assessment and the mini-mental state examination for cognitive evaluation.

Obesity prevalence was 28.1% (age-sex adjusted). Individuals with obesity were more likely to be older, married, have lower education, and engage in less physical activity. They exhibited autonomic imbalance, decreased autonomic nervous system activity, lower cognitive function, and sleep disturbances compared to the individuals without obesity. Body mass index, and waist circumference inversely correlated with HRV indices. Female sex, lower education, apartment living, alcohol consumption, sleep disturbances, and autonomic dysfunction emerged as significant risk factors for obesity. Independent predictors of autonomic dysfunction included systolic blood pressure, physical activity, and neck circumference, while age, education, height, sleep apnea, and autonomic dysfunction predicted cognitive decline. Furthermore, generalized linear mediation models revealed a partial mediation effect of autonomic dysfunction on the association between obesity and cognitive decline.

This study highlights a high prevalence of obesity in the general population (28.1%) and identifies distinct characteristics associated with the condition. Furthermore, our findings suggest a potential indirect effect of obesity on cognitive function, mediated by autonomic dysfunction. Further research is needed to elucidate the causal relationships and develop targeted interventions for high-risk groups (females, individuals with lower education) and promotion initiatives of healthy lifestyles (less alcohol, exercise, and sleep hygiene) to address both obesity and its associated health complications, including autonomic dysfunction.

The relationship between obesity and osteoporosis has been widely studied. Studies have shown that relative fat mass (RFM) can be used to predict obesity. However, its relationship with bone mineral density (BMD) is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between RFM and lumbar BMD.

We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2018. Multiple linear regression models were applied to examine the relationship between RFM and lumbar BMD. We used smoothed curve fitting and threshold effect analysis to check for non-linear trends. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore differences in various populations. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic potential of body mass index (BMI), weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI), waist circumference (WC), and RFM for OP.

A total of 10636 participants were included. Multiple linear regression showed a significant negative link between RFM and lumbar BMD. In subgroup studies and smoothed curve fitting, RFM was consistently associated with lower BMD across subgroups. ROC curve indicate that RFM is more sensitive than BMI, WWI and WC in diagnosing OP capacity.

RFM is negatively associated with lumbar BMD in US adults. This suggests that RFM contributes to the study of low BMD.

Body mass index (BMI) may affect prognosis in patients with breast cancer (BC). We assessed the association of BMI and weight changes with outcomes of patients with HER2-positive early BC included in the APHINITY trial.

This is an exploratory analysis of APHINITY (NCT01358877), randomized trial testing adjuvant dual vs. single HER2 blockade plus chemotherapy in HER2-positive early BC. BMI was collected at baseline and at two years after randomization. Patients were classified as underweight/normal weight (BMI<25 kg/m2) and overweight/obese (BMI≥25 kg/m2). The association of BMI with invasive disease-free survival (iDFS), distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI) and overall survival (OS) was investigated. Landmark approach was used to compare event for weight change ≥ 5.0 % at 2 years from baseline.

Of 4787 patients included, 2252 (47 %) were overweight/obese and 2535 (53 %) underweight/normal weight. Patients who were overweight/obese had more often chemotherapy discontinuation compared to underweight/normal weight patients (14 % vs. 9 %, p < 0.001). Patients who were overweight/obese exhibited worse iDFS (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.27; 95 % CI 1.06-1.52), DFRI (aHR 1.32; 95 % CI 1.06-1.64) and OS (aHR 1.38; 95 %CI 1.08-1.77) than underweight/normal weight patients. This effect on iDFS remained after adjusting for chemotherapy discontinuation (iDFS aHR 1.26, 95 % CI 1.05-1.51; DRFI aHR 1.31, 95 % CI 1.06-1.63; OS aHR 1.35 95 % CI 1.05-1.73). Weight changes at 2 years were not associated with clinical outcomes.

Our exploratory findings suggest that overweight/obesity at diagnosis was associated with worse survival outcomes.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), secreted by enteroendocrine cells, plays a vital role in suppressing appetite. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effect of oat protein hydrolysate (OPH) on CCK secretion and elucidate the structural characteristics of the responsible peptides and their underlying mechanism of action. OPH was prepared by a simulated gastrointestinal digestion model. Intragastric administration of OPH in mice significantly increased plasma CCK levels. Using size exclusion column chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, ten peptides were successfully identified, and their abilities to stimulate CCK secretion were evaluated in STC-1 cells. Four novel CCK secretion-stimulating peptides, including LLL, QQVFQPQ, QGDVVALPA, and DVNNNANQLEPR, were validated. Among them, QGDVVALPA exhibited the strongest activity. Inhibition experiments demonstrated that the calcium-sensing receptor and its coupled G-protein subtype Gq were involved in QGDVVALPA-stimulated CCK secretion. Additionally, downstream signaling molecules including intracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) were also required for QGDVVALPA to induce CCK secretion. Our findings highlight the potential of oat protein-derived hydrolysate and peptides as functional food ingredients to regulate satiety.

We report the case of a three-year-old Senegalese child presenting with severe obesity and hyperphagia since birth. Despite normal birth parameters and non-consanguineous parents with average BMI, the child exhibited rapid weight gain, surpassing obesity thresholds before the age of one. Genetic analysis revealed a novel homozygous variant in the LEPR gene (c.3190 G>T; p.(Glu1064Ter)). Functional assays demonstrated impaired leptin receptor signaling due to this truncating mutation. This case highlights the importance of considering monogenic causes in early-onset obesity. Identifying specific mutations enables the proposal of targeted therapies and the adaptation of clinical management.