• University of Sri Jayewardenepura

• allspice
• combined supplements
• hyperglycemia
• hypertriglyceridemia
• insulin resistance
• obesity
• turmeric

• Inhalation
• Nicotine
• Turmerone
• Vascular disease

• Animals
• Nicotine/adverse effects
• Mice
• Male
• Curcuma/chemistry
• Aorta/drug effects
• Aorta/pathology
• Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
• Administration, Inhalation
• Oils, Volatile/pharmacology
• Mice, Inbred C57BL

• Curcuma
• Essential oil composition
• Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
• Headspace solid-phase microextraction

• Indian gooseberry
• Type 2 diabetes
• cinnamon
• ginger
• hypoglycemic
• turmeric

• Humans
• Zingiber officinale/chemistry
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control
• Cinnamomum zeylanicum
• Curcuma/chemistry
• Phyllanthus emblica
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
• Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use

• IFS Grant 1-3-E-6463-1 Sweden-America Foundation

• Curcuma longa
• Curcumin
• Diabetes
• Hyperlipidemia
• Metabolic syndrome
• Turmeric

The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial variation of volatile organic compounds and antioxidant activity of turmeric essential oils (TEOs) harvested from four provinces of China. The major chemical components of these TEOs were analyzed using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. More than forty volatile organic compounds in TEOs were identified, which accounted for 82.09–93.64% of the oil components. The relative abundances of the main volatile organic compounds in TEOs at the genus level were visualized by a heat map. The antioxidant activity of the TEOs of five different origins was characterized by the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, in which the antioxidant activity of the TEOs from Guangxi was superior to those of other sources. Furthermore, the IC₅₀ values of the antioxidants TEOs collected from Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Changting, and Liancheng were 33.30, 42.5, 35.22, 63.27, and 39.96 mg/mL, respectively, which indicated the excellent free radical scavenging activity of those TEOs. Therefore, the TEOs might be considered as a natural antioxidant with potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.

•

Turmeric essential oils stemmed from four provinces of China were investigated.

• Antioxidant activity
• Curcuma longa L
• DPPH
• HS-SPME-GC-MS
• Turmeric essential oils (TEOs)

Although proliferation of keratinocytes, a major type of skin cells, is a key factor in maintaining the function of skin, their ability to proliferate tends to diminish with age. To solve such a problem, researchers in medical and skin cosmetic fields have tried to utilize epidermal growth factor (EGF), but achieved limited success. Therefore, a small natural compound that can mimic the activity of EGF is highly desired in both medical and cosmetic fields. Here, using the modified biosensor system, we observed that natural small-compound isoprocurcumenol, which is a terpenoid molecule derived from turmeric, can activate EGFR signaling. It increased the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT, and upregulated the expression of genes related to cell growth and proliferation, such as c-myc, c-jun, c-fos, and egr-1. In addition, isoprocurcumenol induced the proliferation of keratinocytes in both physical and UVB-induced cellular damage, indicative of its function in skin regeneration. These findings reveal that EGF-like isoprocurcumenol promotes the proliferation of keratinocytes and further suggest its potential as an ingredient for medical and cosmetics use.

• EGFR signaling
• isoprocurcumenol
• keratinocyte
• natural compound
• wound healing

• Cell Line
• Cell Proliferation/drug effects
• Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics
• ErbB Receptors/genetics
• Humans
• JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
• Keratinocytes/metabolism
• MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
• Phosphorylation/drug effects
• Protein Binding/genetics
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
• Regeneration/drug effects
• Sesquiterpenes/chemistry
• Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology
• Signal Transduction/drug effects
• Skin/growth & development
• Skin/metabolism
• Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
• Wound Healing/drug effects

Poor oral bioavailability of curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, has limited its therapeutic use in various diseases including diabetes mellitus (DM).

The present study was aimed at evaluating and comparing the antidiabetic activity as well as pharmacokinetic profile of two turmeric extracts.

Rats were divided into seven groups (n = 6) including Normal control (NC), Diabetic control (DC), two standard control groups- Glibenclamide (GLIB) 5 mg/kg and Metformin (MET) 500 mg/kg, two bio-enhanced turmeric extract (BTE) treated groups (BTE-30 (30 mg/kg), BTE-60 (60 mg/kg)) and one regular turmeric extract treated (RTE) group RTE-30 (30 mg/kg). Treatment was given orally for 30 days. Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and Nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test at 60 min and 120 min (OG1 and OG2) were analysed at baseline and at the end of study on Day 29. FBG, fasting serum insulin, and concentration of curcumin and its derivatives present in pancreas were analysed at the end of study on Day 30.

Turmeric extract treated groups showed significant (p < 0.05) blood glucose lowering effect, when compared with DC group. FBG, OG1 and OG2 readings were found significantly (p < 0.05) higher in RTE-30 treated group when compared with BTE-30 treated groups. Turmeric extracts showed improved beta-cell function, insulin sensitivity and decreased insulin resistance. BTE-30 had more pancreatic bioavailability of curcumin than RTE-30.

Turmeric extracts demonstrated an antidiabetic effect in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic Wistar rats. BTE extract was found to be an effective agent as compared to RTE in controlling hyperglycemia.

• Beta cell activity
• Curcumin
• Diabetes
• Insulin resistance
• Pancreas distribution
• Turmeric

• Curcuma longa
• anti-inflammatory
• antinociceptive
• curcumin
• pain
• turmeric

• Curcuma aeruginosa
• Curcuma glans
• Curcuma longa
• Curcuma mangga
• Curcuma zanthorrhiza
• Curcuma zedoaria

• Animals
• Curcuma/classification
• Humans
• Oils, Volatile/analysis
• Oils, Volatile/pharmacology
• Oils, Volatile/toxicity
• Phytotherapy
• Plant Extracts/administration & dosage
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Plant Extracts/toxicity
• Plant Oils/analysis
• Plant Oils/pharmacology
• Plant Oils/toxicity
• Plants, Medicinal

• none doTERRA International

• adjuvant
• diabetes mellitus
• hypoglycemic
• in vitro
• in vivo
• spices

• Bioreactor
• Curcuma longa rhizome
• Fed-batch technique
• GC-MS
• Response surface methods
• Sesquiterpenes

• Bioreactors
• Calcium/metabolism
• Curcuma/drug effects
• Curcuma/metabolism
• Fertilizers
• Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
• In Vitro Techniques
• Magnesium/metabolism
• Minerals/pharmacology
• Nitrates/metabolism
• Phosphates/metabolism
• Potassium Compounds/metabolism
• Rhizome/drug effects
• Rhizome/metabolism
• Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism

• Emulsion
• Skimmed milk
• Sodium dodecyl sulfate
• Turmeric oil
• Ultrasound

• Animals
• Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic
• Emulsions
• Milk/chemistry
• Oils/chemical synthesis
• Oils/chemistry
• Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/chemistry
• Sonication
• Surface-Active Agents/chemistry

• Antitumor
• Bioactivities
• Chemical Constituents
• Genus Curcuma

• DNA microarray
• estrogen
• food chemicals
• signaling pathway
• traditional Chinese medicine

Mulberry leaves contain quercetin derivatives, which have the effects of reducing obesity and improving lipid and glucose metabolism in mice with obesity. It is not clear whether or not mulberry leaves can directly affect metabolic disorders, in the presence of obesity, because of the interaction between obesity and metabolic disorders. The aim of the current study was to assess the direct action of quercetin derivatives on metabolic disorders in non-obese conditions in short-term high-fat diet fed mice.

C57BL/6N mice were fed a high-fat diet, supplemented with either 0% (control), 1%, or 3% mulberry leaf powder (Mul) or 1% catechin powder for five days. Anthropometric parameters and blood biochemistry were determined, and hepatic gene expression associated with lipid and glucose metabolism was analyzed.

Body and white fat weights did not differ among the four groups. Plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids in the 1%, 3% Mul and catechin groups did not differ significantly from those of the controls, however, plasma glucose and 8-isoprostane levels were significantly reduced. Liver gene expression of gp91phox, a main component of NADPH oxidase, was significantly down-regulated, and PPAR-α, related to β-oxidation, was significantly up-regulated. FAS and GPAT, involved in lipid metabolism, were significantly down-regulated, and Ehhadh was significantly up-regulated. Glucose-metabolism related genes, L-PK and G6Pase, were significantly down-regulated, while GK was significantly up-regulated in the two Mul groups compared to the control group.

Our results suggest that the Mul quercetin derivatives can directly improve lipid and glucose metabolism by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing β-oxidation. The 1% Mul and 1% catechin groups had similar levels of polyphenol compound intake (0.4 × 10^-5vs 0.4 × 10^-5 mole/5 days) and exhibited similar effects, but neither showed dose-dependent effects on lipid and glucose metabolism or oxidative stress.

• Mulberry leaves
• oxidative stress
• polyphenolic compounds
• β-oxidation

Type 2 diabetes is a complicated metabolic disorder with both short- and long-term undesirable complications. In recent years, there has been growing evidence that functional foods and their bioactive compounds, due to their biological properties, may be used as complementary treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we have highlighted various functional foods as missing part of medical nutrition therapy in diabetic patients. Several in vitro, animal models and some human studies, have demonstrated that functional foods and nutraceuticals may improve postprandial hyperglycemia and adipose tissue metabolism modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Functional foods may also improve dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory processes and subsequently could prevent the development of long-term diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. In conclusion available data indicate that a functional foods-based diet may be a novel and comprehensive dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes.

• Type 2 diabetes
• Insulin resistance
• Functional foods
• Whole grain
• Legumes
• Nuts
• Fruits
• Herbs or spices
• Vegetables
• Prebiotics
• Probiotics

Liver is the organ primarily responding to diet, and it is crucial in determining plasma carbohydrate, protein, and lipid levels. In addition, it is mainly responsible for transformation of xenobiotics. For these reasons, it has been a target of transcriptomic analyses. In this review, we have covered the works dealing with the response of mammalian liver to different nutritional stimuli such as fasting/feeding, caloric restriction, dietary carbohydrate, cholesterol, fat, protein, bile acid, salt, vitamin, and oligoelement contents. Quality of fats or proteins has been equally addressed, and has the influence of minor dietary components. Other compounds, not purely nutritional as those represented by alcohol and food additives, have been included due to their relevance in processed food. The influence has been studied not only on mRNA but also on miRNA. The wide scope of the technology clearly reflects that any simple intervention has profound changes in many metabolic parameters and that there is a synergy in response when more compounds are included in the intervention. Standardized arrays to systematically test the same genes in all studies and analyzing data to establish patterns of response are required, particularly for RNA sequencing. Moreover, RNA is a valuable, easy-screening ally but always requires further confirmation.

Herbal remedies are increasingly being recognised in recent years as alternative medicine for a number of diseases including cancer. Curcuma longa L., commonly known as turmeric is used as a culinary spice in India and in many Asian countries has been attributed to lower incidences of gastrointestinal cancers. Curcumin, a secondary metabolite isolated from the rhizomes of this plant has been shown to have significant anticancer properties, in addition to antimalarial and antioxidant effects. We sequenced the transcriptome of the rhizome of the 3 varieties of Curcuma longa L. using Illumina reversible dye terminator sequencing followed by de novo transcriptome assembly. Multiple databases were used to obtain a comprehensive annotation and the transcripts were functionally classified using GO, KOG and PlantCyc. Special emphasis was given for annotating the secondary metabolite pathways and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. We report for the first time, the presence of transcripts related to biosynthetic pathways of several anti-cancer compounds like taxol, curcumin, and vinblastine in addition to anti-malarial compounds like artemisinin and acridone alkaloids, emphasizing turmeric's importance as a highly potent phytochemical. Our data not only provides molecular signatures for several terpenoids but also a comprehensive molecular resource for facilitating deeper insights into the transcriptome of C. longa.

• Animals
• Cryptoxanthins
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
• Diospyros/chemistry
• Fruit/chemistry
• Gene Expression
• Insulin/metabolism
• Liver/metabolism
• Male
• Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
• Phosphorylation
• Plant Extracts/administration & dosage
• Rats
• Rats, Wistar
• Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
• Signal Transduction/genetics
• Tyrosine/metabolism
• Xanthophylls/metabolism

• Chronic Disease/prevention & control
• Food
• Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence
• Health Policy/trends
• Health Promotion/trends
• Humans
• Japan
• Legislation, Food
• Life Style
• Nutrition Policy/legislation & jurisprudence
• Nutrition Policy/trends
• Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
• Preventive Medicine/trends
• Risk Reduction Behavior

• Adipose Tissue/drug effects
• Adipose Tissue/metabolism
• Animals
• Body Weight/drug effects
• Diet
• Dietary Fats/metabolism
• Liver/anatomy & histology
• Mice
• Organ Size
• Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
• Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
• Protein Conformation