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Anjom-Shoae J, Hajishafiee M, Fitzgerald PC, Coleman R, Martin AM, Poppitt SD, Lee M, Higgs S, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Veedfald S, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Acute decrease in the plasma tryptophan-to-large-neutral-amino-acids ratio attenuates the effects of L-tryptophan on gut hormones and energy intake in healthy males: a randomized, cross-over, exploratory trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2025; 121:816-825. [PMID: 39978467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2025] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-tryptophan ("Trp") and L-leucine ("Leu"), when administered intraduodenally, increase plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and stimulate pyloric pressures, which all slow gastric emptying and suppress subsequent energy intake. The circulating Trp-to-large-neutral-amino-acids ("Trp/LNAAs") ratio is also inversely related to energy intake. OBJECTIVES This exploratory study characterized the impact of standardized changes in the plasma Trp/LNAAs ratio, achieved by combining a fixed-load intraduodenal infusion of Trp with increasing loads of Leu, on the appetite-inhibitory effects of enteral Trp. METHODS Twelve males of normal weight [mean ± standard deviation; age: 23 ± 2 y; body mass index (in kg/m2: 23±1)], received on 4 separate occasions, 90-min iso-osmotic intraduodenal infusions of 1) isotonic 0.9% saline ("control"), 2) Trp (0.15 kcal/min; "Trp"), 3) Trp + Leu (0.22 kcal/min; "Trp+Leu-0.22"), or 4) Trp + Leu (0.45 kcal/min; "Trp+Leu-0.45"), in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over fashion. Immediately postinfusion ad-libitum energy intake was quantified. Plasma CCK, GLP-1, amino acid concentrations, and antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured throughout. RESULTS Although there was a transient stimulation of CCK and GLP-1 by Trp + Leu - 0.45 (at t = 15 min), only Trp led to a sustained increase in plasma CCK (P = 0.04) and GLP-1 (P = 0.009) from t = 60-90 min, and stimulated pyloric pressures (P = 0.01), compared with control. Only Trp reduced energy intake [kcal (mean ± standard error of the mean); control: 1085 ± 49, Trp: 881 ± 75, Trp + Leu - 0.22: 963 ± 57, Trp + Leu - 0.45: 932 ± 60] compared with control (P = 0.008). The Trp/LNAAs ratio was dose-dependently decreased by Trp + Leu - 0.22 and Trp + Leu - 0.45, compared with Trp (all P = 0.001), and energy intake correlated inversely with the Trp/LNAAs ratio (R = -0.38; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Acute reduction in the Trp/LNAAs ratio appears to be associated with a diminished capacity of Trp to stimulate CCK and GLP-1 and suppress energy intake. Although these observations should be interpreted with caution given the exploratory nature of the study, they attest to the complexity of the relationships between pre and postabsorptive mechanisms underlying Trp's appetite-inhibitory effect. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand clinical trial registry as ACTRN12620001275954.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Anjom-Shoae
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maryam Hajishafiee
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope Ce Fitzgerald
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rosie Coleman
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Department of Medicine, Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Lee
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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de Oliveira Bianchi JR, Fabrino DL, Quintão CMF, Dos Reis Coimbra JS, Santos IJB. Self-assembled α-lactalbumin nanostructures: encapsulation and controlled release of bioactive molecules in gastrointestinal in vitro model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:9592-9602. [PMID: 39099556 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implementing encapsulation techniques is pivotal in safeguarding bioactive molecules against environmental conditions for drug delivery systems. Moreover, the food-grade nanocarrier is a delivery system and food ingredient crucial in creating nutraceutical foods. Nano α-lactalbumin has been shown to be a promissory nanocarrier for hydrophobic molecules. Furthermore, the nanoprotein can enhance the tecno-functional properties of food such as foam and emulsion. The present study investigated the nanostructured α-lactalbumin protein (nano α-la) as a delivery and controlled release system for bioactive molecules in a gastric-intestinal in vitro mimic system. RESULTS The nano α-la was synthesized by a low self-assembly technique, changing the solution ionic strength by NaCl and obtaining nano α-la 191.10 ± 21.33 nm and a spherical shape. The nano α-la showed higher encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity for quercetin than riboflavin, a potential carrier for hydrophobic compounds. Thermal analysis of nano α-la resulted in a ΔH of -1480 J g-1 for denaturation at 57.44 °C. The nanostructure formed by self-assembly modifies the foam volume increment and stability. Also, differences between nano and native proteins in emulsion activity and stability were noticed. The release profile in vitro showed that the nano α-la could not hold the molecules in gastric fluid. The Weibull and Korsmeyer-Peppas model better fits the release profile behavior in the studied fluids. CONCLUSION The present study shows the possibility of nano α-la as an alternative to molecule delivery systems and nutraceutical foods' formulation because of the high capacity to encapsulate hydrophobic molecules and the improvement of techno-functional properties. However, the nanocarrier is not perfectly suitable for the sustainable delivery of molecules in the gastrointestinal fluid, demanding improvements in the nanocarrier. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonatan Rafael de Oliveira Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Federal University of São João del Rei (UFSJ), Alto Paraopeba Campus, Ouro Branco, Brazil
| | - Daniela Leite Fabrino
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Federal University of São João del Rei (UFSJ), Alto Paraopeba Campus, Ouro Branco, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Medina Finzi Quintão
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São João del Rei (UFSJ), Alto Paraopeba Campus, Ouro Branco, Brazil
| | | | - Igor José Boggione Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Federal University of São João del Rei (UFSJ), Alto Paraopeba Campus, Ouro Branco, Brazil
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Barnard J, Roberts S, Kelly M, Lastella M, Aisbett B, Condo D. Alpha-lactalbumin and sleep: A systematic review. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14141. [PMID: 38185736 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Insufficient sleep is a growing global problem, with poor sleep associated with many negative health and performance outcomes. Previous reviews investigating the effect of diet on sleep have highlighted the amino acid tryptophan as a promising sleep-promoting nutrient, with the richest food source of tryptophan, ⍺-lactalbumin, requiring further investigation. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to review the existing evidence of association between ⍺-lactalbumin and sleep. Four electronic databases (CINAHL Complete, Embase, MEDLINE Complete, and SPORTDiscus with Full Text) were searched from database inception to March 2023, with primary research articles included if they contained α-lactalbumin as an independent variable, an outcome measure of sleep or sleepiness, and participants were ≥ 18 years old. Eight studies were reviewed, with four studies recruiting athletic populations (50%) and four recruiting healthy participants (50%). Sleep or sleepiness was measured objectively in six studies (75%), with two studies employing polysomnography and four utilizing actigraphy to assess sleep. Across the studies, 20-60 g of ⍺-lactalbumin was supplemented, with five studies (63%) observing a positive association between α-lactalbumin and sleep. Sleep-onset latency was the primary sleep metric improved following evening supplementation of α-lactalbumin (≤ 3.5 hr pre-sleep), with no studies observing any negative associations with sleep. Data from this review suggest that individuals that have difficulty initiating sleep may benefit most from pre-sleep α-lactalbumin supplementation. Further research is required to establish the effect that α-lactalbumin has on sleep architecture, through the use of more comprehensive sleep analysis tools such as portable electroencephalography or polysomnography, in combination with stringent dietary controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Barnard
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Spencer Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Monica Kelly
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, CQUniversity, Wayville, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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Giezenaar C, Montoya CA, Kreutz K, Hodgkinson S, Roy NC, Mace LJ, Fraser K, Fernstrom JD, McNabb WC, Moughan PJ. Effects of Different Protein Sources on Amino Acid Absorption and Plasma Appearance of Tryptophan, Large Neutral Amino Acids, and Tryptophan Metabolites in Pigs. J Nutr 2024; 154:2948-2962. [PMID: 39019158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Absorption of tryptophan (TRP) across the gut epithelium is potentially modulated by competing large neutral amino acids (LNAAs), which could affect the appearance of TRP and its metabolites in the bloodstream. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine, in a growing pig model of an adult human, the absorption of TRP and other LNAAs from the gastrointestinal tract, and plasma appearance of TRP, LNAAs, and TRP metabolites, in response to dietary proteins varying in TRP content. METHODS Pigs were adapted for 7 d to each of 4 diets that differed in their protein source and TRP content: 1) alpha-lactalbumin (AL; 9.95 mg TRP/g diet DM), 2) whey protein (6.59 mg TRP/g), 3) casein (3.73 mg TRP/g), or 4) zein (0.14 mg TRP/g). On day 8, pigs were euthanised after a 12-h fast (baseline), or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 h after they received a test meal consisting of 45 g protein, or a protein-free meal (n = 6 pigs at each time in each meal group). Tryptophan and LNAA absorption from the small intestine, and appearance of TRP, LNAAs, and TRP metabolites (melatonin, serotonin, kynurenine pathway metabolites), in the portal vein and systemic circulation, were determined. RESULTS AL intake resulted in sustained elevated plasma TRP concentrations after an overnight fast. The amount of TRP absorbed was dose-dependently related to protein TRP content (P = 0.028), with fastest rates for pigs fed AL (371 mg/h). Portal and systemic plasma TRP, TRP/LNAA, and the TRP metabolites were highest (P ≤ 0.05) after AL intake, and remained above baseline levels for ∼4 h postprandially. Absorption rates of TRP correlated with postprandial plasma TRP and TRP metabolites (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In adult humans, postprandial plasma TRP and TRP metabolite concentrations can likely be modulated by the TRP content of the meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giezenaar
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Food Experience and Sensory Testing (Feast) Laboratory, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Smart Foods and Bioproducts, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Kreutz
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Louise J Mace
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John D Fernstrom
- Department of Psychiatry, and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Park J, Lee HJ. Specific Foods Associated with Depressive Symptoms among Young Adults and Their Bioactive Effects. Nutrients 2024; 16:1818. [PMID: 38931173 PMCID: PMC11206412 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression represents a widespread and devastating psychiatric public health challenge globally. It is particularly prevalent among young adults in Korea. Certain foods may have medicinal properties that alleviate depressive symptoms. This study aimed to examine the association between specific foods and depressive symptoms among young adults, exploring their bioactive effects and possible mechanisms. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 1000 Korean young adults aged 18-39 years. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess diets and their associations with depressive symptoms. Results from multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated associations between several specific foods and their effects: milk (odds ratio = 0.58, 95% confidence interval: 0.36-0.94), eggs (0.55, 0.35-0.87), bananas (0.58, 0.36-0.94), oranges (0.62, 0.40-0.96), sweet potatoes (0.60, 0.37-0.97), mushrooms (0.53, 0.31-0.92, females only), and kimchi (0.40, 0.17-0.95, males only). Furthermore, molecular docking indicated that hesperidin had the highest docking score of 5.86 in oranges. Several bioactive compounds identified as potentially beneficial in combatting depression include calcium, casein, alpha-lactalbumin, tryptophan (TRP), vitamin B6 and B12, magnesium, flavonoids (especially hesperidin), carotenoids, ergothioneine, fiber, and probiotics. To recommend these foods in the management of depression among young adults, further clinical intervention studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Park
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Clinical Research Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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St-Onge MP, Zuraikat FM, Neilson M. Exploring the Role of Dairy Products In Sleep Quality: From Population Studies to Mechanistic Evaluations. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:283-294. [PMID: 36774251 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep affect a large portion of the population. This is concerning given increasing evidence that poor sleep health is a behavioral risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic diseases. A healthy diet is associated with a plethora of favorable health outcomes, and emerging research now highlights diet as a potential determinant of sleep health that could be leveraged to improve sleep quality. Dairy products are notably rich in tryptophan (Trp), a key substrate for serotonin and melatonin production, which are instrumental for initiating and maintaining sleep. Furthermore, dairy products provide a range of micronutrients that serve as cofactors in the synthesis of melatonin from Trp, which could contribute to sleep-promoting effects. In this review, we evaluate population studies and clinical trials to examine a possible link between dairy consumption and sleep. Available epidemiologic studies illustrate positive associations between dairy intake and sleep outcomes. Moreover, some intervention studies support a causal effect of dairy intake on sleep. Given these data, we discuss potential mechanisms, invite additional clinical research on this topic, and provide insights on how limitations of current studies can be addressed in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Center of Excellence in Sleep and Circadian Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Faris M Zuraikat
- Center of Excellence in Sleep and Circadian Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mackenzie Neilson
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Giglio BM, Lobo PCB, Pimentel GD. Effects of whey protein supplementation on adiposity, body weight, and glycemic parameters: A synthesis of evidence. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:258-274. [PMID: 36543706 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this review was to analyze the evidence of whey protein supplementation on body weight, fat mass, lean mass and glycemic parameters in subjects with overweight or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing calorie restriction or with ad libitum intake. DATA SYNTHESIS Overweight and obesity are considered risk factors for the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as T2DM. Calorie restriction is a dietary therapy that reduces weight and fat mass, promotes the improvement of glycemic parameters, and decreases muscle mass. The maintenance of muscle mass during weight loss is necessary in view of its implication in preventing chronic diseases and improving functional capacity and quality of life. The effects of increased protein consumption on attenuating muscle loss and reducing body fat during calorie restriction or ad libitum intake in overweight individuals are discussed. Some studies have demonstrated the positive effects of whey protein supplementation on improving satiety and postprandial glycemic control in short term; however, it remains unclear whether long-term whey protein supplementation can positively affect glycemic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Although whey protein is considered to have a high nutritional quality, its effects in the treatment of overweight, obese individuals and those with T2DM undergoing calorie restriction or ad libitum intake are still inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna M Giglio
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C B Lobo
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Mackay-Phillips K, Orssatto LBR, Polman R, Van der Pols JC, Trajano GS. Effects of α-lactalbumin on strength, fatigue and psychological parameters: a randomised double-blind cross-over study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:381-393. [PMID: 36443490 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The neurotransmitter serotonin has a strong effect on behaviour and motor control. Regarding motor control, serotonin contributes to the development of fatigue and is also involved in the ability of motor neurones to operate across a large range of forces (gain control). The consumption of tryptophan-rich supplements (such as α-lactalbumin) is of interest because this amino acid is the only precursor for brain serotonin synthesis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of α-lactalbumin supplementation on neuromuscular performance. METHODS Using a randomised double-blind cross-over design, 16 healthy participants performed plantar flexor and handgrip maximal voluntary contractions, a 30-s submaximal handgrip contraction, and a plantar flexor fatigue protocol before and 90 min after consuming either 40 g of α-lactalbumin, an isonitrogenous beverage (Zein) or an isocaloric beverage (corn-starch). Sleepiness, mood, and cognition were assessed to evaluate any psychological effects. RESULTS α-Lactalbumin decreased force steadiness by 25% during the sustained submaximal handgrip contraction (p < 0.01) and induced greater fatigue (15% reduction in total torque-time integral, p = 0.01) during the fatigue protocol. These effects were not observed for the other control beverages. No effects were found for maximal or explosive strength, or psychological measurements. CONCLUSIONS 40 g of α-lactalbumin increased handgrip force variability and reduced performance during fatiguing muscle contractions but did not influence brief maximal contractions or psychological parameters in healthy individuals. These findings support the hypothesis that the consumption of α-lactalbumin can increase motor neurone input-output gain and exacerbate central fatigue during sustained maximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mackay-Phillips
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Lucas B R Orssatto
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Berwick, Australia
| | - Jolieke C Van der Pols
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
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Hajishafiee M, Ullrich SS, Fitzgerald PC, Horowitz M, Lange K, Poppitt SD, Feinle-Bisset C. Suppression of Energy Intake by Intragastric l-Tryptophan in Lean and Obese Men: Relations with Appetite Perceptions and Circulating Cholecystokinin and Tryptophan. J Nutr 2021; 151:2932-2941. [PMID: 34255069 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND l-Tryptophan reduces energy intake in healthy men. The underlying mechanisms, including appetite, plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), tryptophan (Trp), and the ratio of Trp to large neutral amino acids (Trp:LNAAs ratio), and whether responses differ in lean and obese individuals, are uncertain. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effects of intragastric Trp on energy intake (primary outcome) and their potential mechanisms, pre- and postmeal, in lean men and those with obesity. METHODS Twelve lean men [mean ± SD age: 30 ± 3 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 23 ± 1] and 13 men with obesity (mean ± SD age: 31 ± 3 y; BMI: 33 ± 1) received, on 3 separate occasions, in double-blind, randomized order, 3 g ("Trp-3") or 1.5 g ("Trp-1.5") Trp, or control ("C"), intragastrically, 30 min before a buffet-meal. Energy intake from the buffet-meal, hunger, fullness, and plasma CCK and amino acid concentrations were measured in response to Trp alone and for 2 h postmeal. Data were analyzed using maximum likelihood mixed-effects models, with treatment, group, and treatment-by-group interaction as fixed effects. RESULTS Trp alone increased plasma CCK, Trp, and the Trp:LNAAs ratio (all P < 0.001), with no difference between groups. Trp suppressed energy intake (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups (lean, C: 1085 ± 102 kcal, Trp-1.5: 1009 ± 92 kcal, Trp-3: 868 ± 104 kcal; obese, C: 1249 ± 98 kcal, Trp-1.5: 1217 ± 90 kcal, Trp-3: 1012 ± 100 kcal). Postmeal, fullness was greater after Trp-3 than after C and Trp-1.5 (all P < 0.05), and in men with obesity than in lean men (P < 0.05). Plasma Trp and the Trp:LNAAs ratio were greater after Trp-3 and Trp-1.5 than after C (all P < 0.001), and tended to be less in men with obesity than in the lean (P = 0.07) (Trp:LNAAs ratio: lean, C: 1.5 ± 0.2, Trp-1.5: 6.9 ± 0.7, Trp-3: 10.7 ± 1.4; obese, C: 1.4 ± 0.1, Trp-1.5: 4.6 ± 0.7, Trp-3: 7.8 ± 1.3). There were inverse correlations of energy intake with plasma Trp and the Trp:LNAAs ratio in both groups (lean, both r = -0.50, P < 0.01; obese, both r = -0.40, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intragastric Trp has potent energy intake-suppressant effects, in both lean men and those with obesity, apparently related to the Trp:LNAAs ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajishafiee
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Penelope Ce Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Freitas FDF, de Medeiros ACQ, Lopes FDA. Effects of Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Anxiety and Eating Behavior-A Longitudinal Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:645754. [PMID: 34140913 PMCID: PMC8203923 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As social animals, humans need to live in groups. This contact with conspecifics is essential for their evolution and survival. Among the recommendations to reduce transmission of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19 are social distancing and home confinement. These measures may negatively affect the social life and, consequently, the emotional state and eating behavior of individuals. We assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anxiety, premenstrual symptoms, and eating behavior of young women. Data collection was conducted in person (prepandemic—from March to December 2019) and online (during the pandemic—August 2020). A total of 71 participants, average age of 21.26 years (SD = 0.41), took part in the study. Trait anxiety during the pandemic was significantly lower than in the prepandemic period. Investigation of the “anxiety/stress” symptom of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) revealed that this symptom was more severe before the pandemic. There was a decline in the desire for sweet and fatty foods during the pandemic. However, craving for traditional foods rose significantly in the same period. Uncontrolled and emotional eating were significantly lower during the pandemic. The results suggest that the pandemic may have had a positive impact on anxiety and eating behavior of the participants, which may be due to differences between urban and rural populations and the latter living with their families. These findings are important for raising a discussion regarding the effects of the current environment on the regulation of cognitive and dietary adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda da Fonseca Freitas
- Post-Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Health Sciences College of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Brazil
| | | | - Fívia de Araújo Lopes
- Post-Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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11
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Hajishafiee M, Ullrich SS, Steinert RE, Poppitt SD, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intragastric tryptophan on acute changes in the plasma tryptophan/large neutral amino acids ratio and relationship with subsequent energy intake in lean and obese men. Food Funct 2020; 11:7095-7103. [PMID: 32729586 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tryptophan/large neutral amino acids (tryptophan/LNAA) ratio, an indicator of brain serotonin levels, may be important in appetite regulation, together with gastrointestinal (gastric emptying, plasma cholecystokinin) mechanisms. We have compared effects of intragastric tryptophan ('Trp') on the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio in lean and obese men, and the associations of the tryptophan/LNAA ratio, gastric emptying and CCK concentrations with energy intake. Lean and obese male participants (n = 16 each) received 3 g Trp or volume-matched control intragastrically, 15 min before a mixed-nutrient drink (300 mL, 400 kcal) (t = 0 min) in randomised, double-blind fashion. Plasma amino acid (for calculation of the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio) and CCK concentrations were measured from t = -20-60 min. Gastric emptying was assessed from t = 0-60 min, and ad-libitum energy intake from a standardised buffet-style meal from t = 60-90 min. The increase in the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio was less in obese, than lean, participants (P < 0.05), and greater in lean participants who reduced their energy intake (by >0 kcal) after Trp compared with those who did not (by ≤0 kcal) (P < 0.05). Moreover, in participants who reduced their energy intake, the ratio was lower in obese, than in lean (P < 0.05). There was a trend for an inverse correlation between energy intake with the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio in lean (r = -0.4, P = 0.08), but not in obese, participants. There was no significant difference in gastric emptying or CCK between participants who reduced their energy intake and those who did not. In conclusion, the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio appears to be a determinant of the suppression of energy intake in response to tryptophan in normal-weight people, but not in those with obesity. The role of the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio to regulate energy intake, and potential changes in obesity, warrant evaluation in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajishafiee
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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12
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Chao AM, Wadden TA, Pearl RL, Alamuddin N, Leonard SM, Bakizada ZM, Pinkasavage E, Gruber KA, Walsh OA, Berkowitz RI, Alfaris N, Tronieri JS. A randomized controlled trial of lorcaserin and lifestyle counselling for weight loss maintenance: changes in emotion- and stress-related eating, food cravings and appetite. Clin Obes 2018; 8:383-390. [PMID: 30222916 PMCID: PMC6711178 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-obesity medication may help people maintain diet-induced reductions in appetite. The present exploratory analysis assessed the effects of lorcaserin on changes at 24 weeks post-randomization in emotion- and stress-related eating, food cravings and other measures of appetite (i.e. binge eating, cognitive restraint, disinhibition, hunger, preoccupation with eating and fullness). The parent study investigated the efficacy of combined lorcaserin and behavioural treatment in facilitating weight loss maintenance (WLM) in 137 adults (mean age = 46.1 years, 86.1% female, 68.6% black) who had lost ≥5% of initial weight during a 14-week, low-calorie diet (LCD) run-in. Participants were randomly assigned to lorcaserin or placebo and were provided with group WLM counselling sessions. Emotion- and stress-related eating, food cravings and appetite were measured at the start of the LCD (week -14), randomization (0) and week 24. From randomization, lorcaserin-treated participants had significantly greater improvements in emotion- and stress-related eating compared to placebo-treated participants (P = 0.04). However, groups did not differ significantly after randomization in changes in the frequency of food cravings, binge eating or other measures of appetite (Ps > 0.05). Compared to placebo, lorcaserin may improve emotion- and stress-related eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M. Chao
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Thomas A. Wadden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Rebecca L. Pearl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Naji Alamuddin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Sharon M. Leonard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Zayna M. Bakizada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Emilie Pinkasavage
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Kathryn A. Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Olivia A. Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Robert I. Berkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Nasreen Alfaris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- The Obesity, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jena Shaw Tronieri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
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13
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Pisoschi AM, Pop A, Cimpeanu C, Turcuş V, Predoi G, Iordache F. Nanoencapsulation techniques for compounds and products with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity - A critical view. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1326-1345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Aparicio-Ugarriza R, Rumi C, Luzardo-Socorro R, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Palacios G, Bibiloni MM, Julibert A, Argelich E, Tur JA, González-Gross M. Seasonal variation and diet quality among Spanish people aged over 55 years. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 74:179-188. [PMID: 29143243 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence supporting the importance of a healthy diet; however, there are few studies analyzing the seasonal variation of food intake. The present study was aimed to evaluate seasonal variation of food and energy intake in Spanish elderly also to investigate diet quality based on the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score. From a cross-sectional study, 28 individuals (39% males) aged over 55 years volunteered for a longitudinal follow-up. Dietary assessment was evaluated through 24-h dietary recalls. Energy and nutrient intake were calculated using DIAL software. Furthermore, diet quality was measured using HEI. Data was analyzed considering the interaction of sex, age, fitness status, and body composition. Cereals intake was significantly lower in summer than in winter and autumn (both p < 0.05); whereas, drinks intake was significantly higher in summer than in winter, spring, and autumn (all p < 0.01). Daily energy intake was significant higher in spring than in summer, and in autumn than in summer (p < 0.05), and energy intake from lunch was also statistically higher in spring than in summer (p < 0.01). The HEI was classified as good; however, a negative and significant association was observed between HEI and cholesterol, alcohol, and monounsaturated fatty acids intake (p < 0.01). Cereals and drinks intake and total daily energy intake changed according to seasons. This should be considered in nutritional studies. Diet quality seems not to be affected by these seasonal changes, and HEI did not show a good association with the majority of foods and macro- and micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aparicio-Ugarriza
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martin Fierro no. 7, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Rumi
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martin Fierro no. 7, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Luzardo-Socorro
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martin Fierro no. 7, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Mielgo-Ayuso
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martin Fierro no. 7, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Palacios
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martin Fierro no. 7, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.,CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Madrid, Spain
| | - M M Bibiloni
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - A Julibert
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - E Argelich
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - J A Tur
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M González-Gross
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martin Fierro no. 7, E-28040, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Dalkner N, Platzer M, Bengesser SA, Birner A, Fellendorf FT, Queissner R, Painold A, Mangge H, Fuchs D, Reininghaus B, Kapfhammer HP, Holasek SJ, Reininghaus EZ. The role of tryptophan metabolism and food craving in the relationship between obesity and bipolar disorder. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1744-1751. [PMID: 28712531 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have a significantly increased risk of obesity-related conditions. The imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure is assumed to be a major risk factor for obesity in BD. This study analyzed food craving in relation to anthropometric, metabolic, and neurobiological parameters in a well-characterized cohort of euthymic individuals with BD. METHODS One-hundred-thirty-five patients completed the Food-Craving Inventory assessing four categories of food craving (fat, fast-food, sweets and carbohydrate craving). Additionally, clinical, metabolic and anthropometric parameters were assessed. RESULTS Higher levels of fat craving were observed in males, versus females, with BD. High levels of carbohydrate craving positively correlated with kynurenine and the kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio. Higher serum nitrite and neopterin levels were related to fat craving. Parameters of fat metabolism (triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein) were associated with fat and fast-food craving. Anthropometric measures of obesity (e.g. body mass index, waist-to-hip-ratio) were not related to food craving. CONCLUSIONS Overweight/obese individuals with BD show an increased driving of tryptophan down the kynurenine pathways, as indicated by an increase in the serum kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio. The driving of tryptophan down the kynurenine pathway is mediated by immune-inflammatory activity and stress. The correlation of increased kynurenine with food craving, especially carbohydrate craving, probably indicates a regulatory deficit in the maintenance of chronic inflammatory processes in obesity and BD. Food craving seems to be of clinical importance in the treatment of metabolic disturbances in BD, although not associated with anthropometric measures of obesity. Rather, food craving correlates with blood metabolic parameters and an increased activation of the kynurenine pathway, both of which are linked to higher affective symptomatology and the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - M Platzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria.
| | - S A Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - A Birner
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - F T Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - R Queissner
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - A Painold
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - H Mangge
- Research Unit on Lifestyle and Inflammation-associated Risk Biomarkers, Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - D Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Reininghaus
- Therapiezentrum Justuspark, Versicherungsanstalt öffentlich Bediensteter, Bad Hall, Austria
| | - H P Kapfhammer
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - S J Holasek
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Austria
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16
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Abstract
Food intake is essential for maintaining homeostasis, which is necessary for survival in all species. However, food intake also impacts multiple biochemical processes that influence our behavior. Here, we investigate the causal relationship between macronutrient composition, its bodily biochemical impact, and a modulation of human social decision making. Across two studies, we show that breakfasts with different macronutrient compositions modulated human social behavior. Breakfasts with a high-carbohydrate/protein ratio increased social punishment behavior in response to norm violations compared with that in response to a low carbohydrate/protein meal. We show that these macronutrient-induced behavioral changes in social decision making are causally related to a lowering of plasma tyrosine levels. The findings indicate that, in a limited sense, "we are what we eat" and provide a perspective on a nutrition-driven modulation of cognition. The findings have implications for education, economics, and public policy, and emphasize that the importance of a balanced diet may extend beyond the mere physical benefits of adequate nutrition.
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17
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The impact of liquid preloads varying in macronutrient content on postprandial kinetics of amino acids relative to appetite in healthy adults. Appetite 2016; 107:511-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Jacobs AG, Higgins KA, McArthur BM, Redan BW, Rivera RL, Schmidt LR, Mattes RD. The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:73-103. [PMID: 27431364 PMCID: PMC4960974 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each of the macronutrients-carbohydrate, protein, and fat-has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Susannah Gordon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ashley G Jacobs
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Benjamin W Redan
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Rebecca L Rivera
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Leigh R Schmidt
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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19
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Mignone LE, Wu T, Horowitz M, Rayner CK. Whey protein: The “whey” forward for treatment of type 2 diabetes? World J Diabetes 2015; 6:1274-1284. [PMID: 26516411 PMCID: PMC4620107 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i14.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A cost-effective nutritional approach to improve postprandial glycaemia is attractive considering the rising burden of diabetes throughout the world. Whey protein, a by-product of the cheese-making process, can be used to manipulate gut function in order to slow gastric emptying and stimulate incretin hormone secretion, thereby attenuating postprandial glycaemic excursions. The function of the gastrointestinal tract plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, particularly during the postprandial period, and this review will discuss the mechanisms by which whey protein slows gastric emptying and stimulates release of gut peptides, including the incretins. Whey protein is also a rich source of amino acids, and these can directly stimulate beta cells to secrete insulin, which contributes to the reduction in postprandial glycaemia. Appetite is suppressed with consumption of whey, due to its effects on the gut-brain axis and the hypothalamus. These properties of whey protein suggest its potential in the management of type 2 diabetes. However, the optimal dose and timing of whey protein ingestion are yet to be defined, and studies are required to examine the long-term benefits of whey consumption for overall glycaemic control.
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20
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Responses in gut hormones and hunger to diets with either high protein or a mixture of protein plus free amino acids supplied under weight-loss conditions. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1254-70. [PMID: 25809236 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-protein diets are an effective means for weight loss (WL), but the mechanisms are unclear. One hypothesis relates to the release of gut hormones by either protein or amino acids (AA). The present study involved overweight and obese male volunteers (n 18, mean BMI 36·8 kg/m2) who consumed a maintenance diet for 7 d followed by fully randomised 10 d treatments with three iso-energetic WL diets, i.e. with either normal protein (NP, 15% of energy) or high protein (HP, 30%) or with a combination of protein and free AA, each 15% of energy (NPAA). Psychometric ratings of appetite were recorded hourly. On day 10, plasma samples were taken at 30 min intervals over two consecutive 5 h periods (covering post-breakfast and post-lunch) and analysed for AA, glucose and hormones (insulin, total glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, active ghrelin and total peptide YY (PYY)) plus leucine kinetics (first 5 h only). Composite hunger was 16% lower for the HP diet than for the NP diet (P<0·01) in the 5 h period after both meals. Plasma essential AA concentrations were greatest within 60 min of each meal for the NPAA diet, but remained elevated for 3-5 h after the HP diet. The three WL diets showed no difference for either fasting concentrations or the postprandial net incremental AUC (net AUCi) for insulin, ghrelin or PYY. No strong correlations were observed between composite hunger scores and net AUCi for either AA or gut peptides. Regulation of hunger may involve subtle interactions, and a range of signals may need to be integrated to produce the overall response.
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21
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Hypnotic effect of GABA from rice germ and/or tryptophan in a mouse model of pentothal-induced sleep. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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22
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Ventura T, Santander J, Torres R, Contreras AM. Neurobiologic basis of craving for carbohydrates. Nutrition 2014; 30:252-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Abdel-Aziem SH, Hassan AM, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Dietary supplementation with whey protein and ginseng extract counteracts oxidative stress and DNA damage in rats fed an aflatoxin-contaminated diet. Mutat Res 2011; 723:65-71. [PMID: 21536149 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AF) are among the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens and aflatoxin-B1 (AFB(1)) is classified as a group-1 carcinogen. Since the ingestion of aflatoxins-contaminated food is associated with several liver diseases, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether AF-induced damage in rats can be counteracted by feeding with whey-protein concentrates (WPC) and Korean ginseng extract (KGE). Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight equal groups and treated daily for 30 days as follows: a control group (fed an AF-free diet), a group fed ad libitum an AF-contaminated diet (2.5mg/kg diet), a group treated orally with WPC (0.5ml/rat/day), a group treated orally with KGE (20mg/kg body weight), a group treated orally with WPC+KGE, and three groups that were fed the AF-contaminated diet and were treated orally with WPC, KGE or WPC+KGE, respectively. Throughout the experimental period, animals received WPC or KGE during the consumption of their respective diet. Bone-marrow micronucleus formation, DNA fragmentation, fatty-acid synthesis (FAS) and phospholipid-hydroperoxide-glutathione-peroxidase (PHGPx) mRNA expression, and oxidative stress were assayed in liver and testis. The results indicated that ingestion of aflatoxin resulted in a significant increase in micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (Mn-NCE) in bone marrow, DNA fragmentation, FAS mRNA expression and lipid peroxidation in both organs, and a significant decrease in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes/micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (PCE/NCE) ratio in bone marrow, PHGPx gene expression and GSH in liver and testis. Treatments with WPC and/or KGE had a significant effect on Mn-NCE or the PCE/NCE ratio in bone marrow. However, KGE or KGE+WPC increased PHGPx gene expression and GSH in testis accompanied with a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation in liver and testis and FAS-mRNA expression in liver. WPC, KGE or WPC+KGE treatments combined with exposure to an AF-contaminated diet restored all the test parameters towards control values, although they did not fully reverse the effects of the aflatoxins. It is suggested that the genotoxicity of aflatoxins can be in part prevented by dietary supplementation with WPC, KGE or their combination.
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25
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Peuhkuri K, Sihvola N, Korpela R. Dietary proteins and food-related reward signals. Food Nutr Res 2011; 55:5955. [PMID: 21909291 PMCID: PMC3168366 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v55i0.5955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins play a crucial role in almost all biological processes. Dietary proteins are generally considered as energy yielding nutrients and as a source of amino acids for various purposes. In addition, they may have a role in food-related reward signals. The purpose of this review was to give an overview of the role of dietary proteins in food-related reward and possible mechanisms behind such effects. Dietary proteins may elicit food-related reward by several different postprandial mechanisms, including neural and humoral signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. In order to exert rewarding effects, protein have to be absorbed from the intestine and reach the target cells in sufficient concentrations, or act via receptors ad cell signalling in the gut without absorption. Complex interactions between different possible mechanisms make it very difficult to gain a clear view on the role and intesity of each mechanism. It is concluded that, in principle, dietary proteins may have a role in food-related reward. However, the evidence is based mostly on experiments with animal models and one should be careful in drawing conclusions of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Peuhkuri
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Serotonin synthesis critically depends on plasma levels of tryptophan (TRP). Earlier studies have shown that for mood and cognitive benefits to occur, the ratio between TRP and other large neutral amino acids (LNAA) has to be increased by approximately 40 %. The present study investigated the dose-dependent effects of a TRP-rich hydrolysed protein (egg-protein hydrolysate, EPH) on the plasma TRP:LNAA. Moreover, it was investigated whether EPH could increase TRP:LNAA in the presence of 2 g of milk protein (MP). In a randomised double-blind crossover design, plasma amino acids were measured every 30 min for 3·5 h after ingestion of a drink containing either three different doses of 4, 8 and 12 g EPH containing 270, 560 or 800 mg of TRP, respectively, the combination of 4 g EPH and 2 g MP (74 mg TRP), or 4 g MP (148 mg TRP) in twenty healthy subjects with a mean age of 52 years. All three EPH doses caused significant increases of TRP:LNAA above 40 % at 30, 60 and 90 min after consumption in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the 4 g EPH, the increase in TRP:LNAA in the 4 g EPH with 2 g MP condition was significantly lower at 60 min (63 v. 44 %, P < 0·001) and did not differ significantly at 90 min (58 v. 53 %, P>0·05). The present study showed that a low dose of 4 g EPH with even the addition of 2 g MP was sufficient to increase the ratio of TRP:LNAA above 40 %. Thus, EPH offers a viable ingredient to increase TRP availability.
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Effects of an acute α-lactalbumin manipulation on mood and food hedonics in high- and low-trait anxiety individuals. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:595-602. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic hypofunction is associated with a depressive mood state, an increased drive to eat and preference for sweet (SW) foods. High-trait anxiety individuals are characterised by a functional shortage of serotonin during stress, which in turn increases their susceptibility to experience a negative mood and an increased drive for SW foods. The present study examined whether an acute dietary manipulation, intended to increase circulating serotonin levels, alleviated the detrimental effects of a stress-inducing task on subjective appetite and mood sensations, and preference for SW foods in high-trait anxiety individuals. Thirteen high- (eleven females and two males; anxiety scores 45·5 (sd5·9); BMI 22·9 (sd3·0)kg/m2) and twelve low- (ten females and two males; anxiety scores 30·4 (sd4·8); BMI 23·4 (sd2·5) kg/m2) trait anxiety individuals participated in a placebo-controlled, two-way crossover design. Participants were provided with 40 g α-lactalbumin (LAC;l-tryptophan (Trp):large neutral amino acids (LNAA) ratio of 7·6) and 40 g casein (placebo) (Trp:LNAA ratio of 4·0) in the form of a snack and lunch on two test days. On both the test days, participants completed a stress-inducing task 2 h after the lunch. Mood and appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales. Changes in food hedonics for different taste and nutrient combinations were assessed using a computer task. The results demonstrated that the LAC manipulation did not exert any immediate effects on mood or appetite. However, LAC did have an effect on food hedonics in individuals with high-trait anxiety after acute stress. These individuals expressed a lower liking (P = 0·012) and SW food preference (P = 0·014) after the stressful task when supplemented with LAC.
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Kamau SM, Cheison SC, Chen W, Liu XM, Lu RR. Alpha-Lactalbumin: Its Production Technologies and Bioactive Peptides. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Silber B, Schmitt J. Effects of tryptophan loading on human cognition, mood, and sleep. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34:387-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a critical review of recent empirical research regarding mood, behaviour and nutrition factors including essential fatty acids, macronutrients, micronutrients and food additives. METHOD A literature search of databases Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Embase up to October 2008. The search emphasised empirical research published in the last 10 years and also included older literature. Studies in both adults and children were addressed. RESULTS Research into omega-3 fatty acids has been substantial but evidence for their potential in treating mood and behaviour is modest. In comparison, there has been much less research into carbohydrate and protein intakes and little evidence for their ability to influence mood and behaviour. Recent trials with food additives suggest their removal from the diet may benefit susceptible children with hyperactivity disorders. Micronutrient supplementation appears to improve mood only in those who were initially deficient in micronutrients. CONCLUSIONS More stringent research designs such as longitudinal studies and the use of biologically inert placebos within randomised controlled trials are needed before supplemental use of omega-3 fatty acids to treat disorders of mood and behaviour can be recommended. Caution is advised regarding the indiscriminate use of diets free of artificial food additives in managing hyperactivity disorders, as they may place an undue burden on individuals and their families. Should omega-3 fatty acid supplementation or the elimination of certain food additives be established as effective, they may provide cost-effective, accessible and well-tolerated adjuncts to standard psychiatric treatments for mood and behavioural disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa L Soh
- 1Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Northern Sydney Central Coast Area Health, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Garry Walter
- 1Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Northern Sydney Central Coast Area Health, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise Baur
- 3Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare Collins
- 4Nutrition and Dietetics School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Westerterp-Plantenga M, Nieuwenhuizen A, Tomé D, Soenen S, Westerterp K. Dietary Protein, Weight Loss, and Weight Maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2009; 29:21-41. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Westerterp-Plantenga
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- TIFN, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Nieuwenhuizen
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- TIFN, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Tomé
- AgroParisTech, Department of Life Sciences and Health, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F75005, Paris, France
| | - S. Soenen
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- TIFN, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - K.R. Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- TIFN, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Knowles SO, Grace ND, Knight TW, McNabb WC, Lee J. Adding nutritional value to meat and milk from pasture-fed livestock. N Z Vet J 2009; 52:342-51. [PMID: 15768134 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2004.36450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Staple meat and milk provide excellent nutrition, but when traditional foods and ingredients are tailored to meet the particular nutritional or lifestyle demands of a population they become even more attractive and valuable. These foods can be considered as delivery systems for health-promoting nutrients. Nutritional improvement of meat and milk can be achieved several ways, preferably by making desirable changes on-farm to directly improve the food without subsequent manipulations. Scope for these changes is limited by animal homeostasis, but alternatives may be less desirable. Methods in vivo that suit typical pastoral farming practice and can complement the solving of animal health and production problems include: selection of traits or phenotypes; specialty diets; long-acting parenteral supplements; and modification of ruminal microflora. Successful techniques to increase the concentration of calcium, selenium, iodine and iron in milk or meat are described. Manipulations to change composition are only one part of bringing tailored foods to market. Commercial realisation of these new products needs the initiative and collaboration of scientists, veterinarians, growers and producers responding to market pull. The uptake of future biotechnologies to capture more value inside the farm gate will also be required if the pastoral industry in New Zealand is to sustain a global competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Knowles
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Veldhorst MAB, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, van Vught AJAH, Westerterp KR, Engelen MPKJ, Brummer RJM, Deutz NEP, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Dose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy. Physiol Behav 2009; 96:675-82. [PMID: 19385022 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dietary protein plays a role in body weight regulation, partly because of its effects on appetite. The objective was to compare the effects of high or normal casein-, soy-, or whey-protein breakfasts on appetite, specific hormones, amino acid responses and subsequent energy intake. Twenty-five healthy subjects (mean+/-SEMBMI:23.9+/-0.3 kg/m2; age:22+/-1 years) received standardized breakfasts: custards with either casein-, soy, or whey-protein with either 10/55/35 (normal) or 25/55/20 (high)En% protein/carbohydrate/fat in a randomized, single-blind design. Appetite profile (Visual Analogue Scales) and amino acid concentrations were determined for 4 h whereas plasma glucose, insulin, active Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), and active ghrelin concentrations were determined for 3 h; the sensitive moment for lunch was determined. Subjects returned for a second set of experiments and received the same breakfasts, ad lib lunch was offered 180 min later; energy intake (EI) was assessed. At 10En%, whey decreased hunger more than casein or soy (p <0.05), coinciding with higher leucine, lysine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and threonine responses (p<0.05). At 25En% there were no differences in appetite ratings. Whey triggered the strongest responses in concentrations of active GLP-1 (p<0.05) and insulin (p<0.05) compared with casein and/or soy. There were no differences in EI. In conclusion, differences in appetite ratings between different proteins appeared at a normal concentration; at 10En% whey-protein decreased hunger more than casein- or soy-protein. At 25En% whey-protein triggered stronger responses in hormone concentrations than casein- or soy-protein. The results suggest that a difference in appetite ratings between types of protein appears when certain amino acids are above and below particular threshold values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet A B Veldhorst
- Department of Human Biology of the Nutrition, Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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Veldhorst MAB, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Westerterp KR, Engelen MPKJ, Brummer RJM, Deutz NEP, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. A breakfast with alpha-lactalbumin, gelatin, or gelatin + TRP lowers energy intake at lunch compared with a breakfast with casein, soy, whey, or whey-GMP. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:147-55. [PMID: 19185957 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dietary protein plays a role in body weight regulation, partly due to its effects on satiety. The objective was to compare the effects of casein-, soy-, whey-, whey without glycomacropeptide (GMP)-, alpha-lactalbumin-, gelatin-, or gelatin with tryptophan (TRP)-protein breakfasts at two concentrations on subsequent satiety and energy intake (EI). METHODS Twenty-four healthy subjects (mean+/-SEM BMI: 24.8+/-0.5 kg/m(2); age: 25+/-2 years) received a breakfast; a custard with casein, soy, whey, whey-GMP, alpha-lactalbumin, gelatin, or gelatin+TRP as protein source with either 10/55/35 (normal) or 25/55/20 (high) En% protein/carbohydrate/fat in a randomized, single-blind design. At the precedingly determined time point for lunch, 180 min, subjects were offered an ad lib lunch. Appetite profile (Visual Analogue Scales, VAS) and EI were determined. RESULTS Both at the level of 10 and 25 En% from protein, EI at lunch was approximately 20% lower after an alpha-lactalbumin or gelatin (+TRP) breakfast (2.5+/-0.2 MJ) compared with after a casein, soy, or whey-GMP breakfast (3.2+/-0.3 MJ, p<0.05). Appetite ratings at 180 min differed 15-25 mm (approximately 40%, p<0.05) between types of protein. Differences in EI were a function of differences in appetite ratings (R(2)=0.4, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Different proteins (alpha-lactalbumin, gelatin, gelatin+TRP) that are approximately 40% more satiating than other proteins (casein, soy, whey, whey-GMP) induce a related approximately 20% reduction of subsequent energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet A B Veldhorst
- Department of Human Biology of the Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Acute effects of breakfasts containing alpha-lactalbumin, or gelatin with or without added tryptophan, on hunger, 'satiety' hormones and amino acid profiles. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:1859-66. [PMID: 19017422 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508131774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are the most satiating macronutrients. Tryptophan (TRP) may contribute to the satiating effect, as it serves as a precursor for the anorexigenic neurotransmitter serotonin. To address the role of TRP in the satiating properties of dietary protein, we compared three different breakfasts, containing either alpha-lactalbumin (high in TRP), gelatin (low in TRP) or gelatin with added TRP (gelatin+TRP, high in TRP), on appetite. Twenty-four subjects (22-29 kg/m2; aged 19-37 years) received a subject-specific breakfast at t = 0 with 10, 55 and 35 % energy from protein, carbohydrate and fat respectively in a randomised, single-blind design. Hunger, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, ghrelin, amino acid concentrations and energy intake during a subsequent lunch were determined. Suppression of hunger was stronger 240 min after the breakfast with alpha-lactalbumin compared with gelatin and gelatin+TRP. Total plasma amino acid concentrations were lower with alpha-lactalbumin compared with gelatin with or without TRP (from t = 180-240 min). TRP concentrations were higher after alpha-lactalbumin than after gelatin with or without TRP from t = 0-100 min, whereas from t = 100-240 min, TRP concentrations were lower after gelatin than after alpha-lactalbumin and gelatin+TRP. The plasma ratio of TRP to other large neutral amino acids (LNAA) was, only at t = 100 min, lower after gelatin+TRP than after the other breakfasts. Plasma amino acid responses, TRP concentrations and TRP:LNAA ratios were not correlated with hunger. GLP-1 and ghrelin concentrations were similar for all diets. Energy intake during a subsequent lunch was similar for all diets. Summarised, an alpha-lactalbumin breakfast suppresses hunger more than a gelatin or gelatin+TRP breakfast. This cannot be explained by (possible) differences found in TRP concentrations and TRP:LNAA ratios in the breakfasts and in plasma, as well as in circulating total amino acids, GLP-1 and ghrelin.
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Scrutton H, Carbonnier A, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. Effects of alpha-lactalbumin on emotional processing in healthy women. J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21:519-24. [PMID: 17446205 DOI: 10.1177/0269881106075271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of serotonin (5-HT) in the central nervous system is dependent on the availability to the brain of its precursor amino acid, tryptophan (TRP). Recent studies suggest that alpha-lactalbumin, a whey-derived protein with a relatively high TRP content, increases plasma TRP and produces endocrine and cognitive changes consistent with facilitation of brain 5-HT function. In the present study we assessed the biochemical and cognitive effects of alpha-lactalbumin (40 g) in 28 healthy female subjects in a parallel group, placebo-controlled design. Relative to a casein-derived control protein, alpha-lactalbumin increased plasma TRP and the ratio of TRP to neutral amino acids. However, there was no effect on salivary cortisol secretion or tasks of emotional processing shown previously to be sensitive to pharmacological manipulation of 5-HT in healthy volunteers. The results suggest that alpha-lactalbumin produces a relatively modest increase in TRP availability which may not be sufficient to produce the changes in emotional processing seen with administration of pure TRP in healthy subjects. Further studies in subjects more vulnerable to stress are needed to assess the potential therapeutic effects of alpha-lactalbumin in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Scrutton
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford UK
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Koren MS, Purnell JQ, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR, Weigle DS. Changes in plasma amino Acid levels do not predict satiety and weight loss on diets with modified macronutrient composition. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 51:182-7. [PMID: 17541265 DOI: 10.1159/000103323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serotonin mediates satiety in the central nervous system. Brain serotonin content depends on the plasma ratio of tryptophan (Trp) to large neutral amino acids (LNAA) and may be affected by diet composition. We examined whether high-carbohydrate or high-protein diets induce satiety and weight loss by altering plasma concentrations of these amino acids. METHODS In study 1 (n = 16, BMI = 27.0 +/- 2.3), we compared plasma Trp and LNAA concentrations averaged over 24 h after 2 weeks of consuming isocaloric diets containing either 45 or 65% of total energy as carbohydrate. In study 2 (n = 19, BMI = 26.2 +/- 2.1), we made the same measurements following diets containing either 15 or 30% of total energy as protein. To assess satiety in both studies, we recorded caloric intake and weight changes during a subsequent 12-week period of ad libitum consumption of the experimental diets. RESULTS Ad libitum caloric intake fell by 222 +/- 81 kcal/day with a 3.7 +/- 0.6 kg weight loss at 12 weeks in study 1. Ad libitum caloric intake fell by 441 +/- 63 kcal/ day with a 4.9 +/- 0.5 kg weight loss at 12 weeks in study 2. The 24-hour averaged plasma concentration of Trp and the Trp:LNAA ratio were unaffected by the isocaloric increase in carbohydrate or protein consumption that preceded the ad libitum administration of the 2 diets. CONCLUSION An increase in either carbohydrate or protein intake increases satiety and leads to significant weight loss, however, these effects are not mediated by an increase in plasma concentration of Trp or the Trp:LNAA ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Koren
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash., USA.
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Almécija MC, Ibáñez R, Guadix A, Guadix EM. Effect of pH on the fractionation of whey proteins with a ceramic ultrafiltration membrane. J Memb Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Booij L, Merens W, Markus CR, Van der Does AJW. Diet rich in alpha-lactalbumin improves memory in unmedicated recovered depressed patients and matched controls. J Psychopharmacol 2006; 20:526-35. [PMID: 16174675 DOI: 10.1177/0269881105057466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with reduced brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) function and with cognitive dysfunctions. A diet rich in alpha-lactalbumin protein has been found to increase the ratio tryptophan /large neutral amino acids (Trp/SigmaLNAA), and to improve cognitive functioning in individuals with high neuroticism scores. Since cognitive dysfunctions sometimes persist after remission of depression, the present study investigated the effects of alpha-lactalbumin-enriched diet on cognition in recovered depressed patients. Twenty-three recovered depressed patients and 20 healthy matched controls without a history of depression consumed meals rich in alpha-lactalbumin or casein protein in a double-blind crossover design. Mood, cognitive function and plasma amino acids were assessed at both sessions before and after dietary intake. Alpha-lactalbumin protein had no effect on mood, but improved abstract visual memory and impaired simple motor performance. These effects were independent of history of depression. Supplements of lactalbumin may be useful for nutrition research in relation to age- or disease-related memory decline. The present findings should be further examined in different (e.g. medicated) samples. The long-term effects of alpha-lactalbumin should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Booij
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Graveland-Bikker J, de Kruif C. Unique milk protein based nanotubes: Food and nanotechnology meet. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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