Carcinoma of the stomach: A review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular genetics and chemoprevention

Table 1 Dietary agents demonstrated to possess chemopreventive potential in the N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric carcinogenesis model

Agent	Mechanism of action	Targets	Ref.
Curcumin	Inhibition of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and COX-2 signaling	VEGF, COX-2, PCNA	[141]
Eugenol	Inhibition of NF-κB signaling, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and angiogenesis	NF-κB, IκB, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, Apaf-1, cytochrome C, caspase-9, caspase-3, MMP-2, MMP-9, RECK, TIMP-2, VEGF, VEGFR1	[139,140]
Folic acid	Inhibition of cell proliferation	PCNA	[142]
Genistein	Inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis	PCNA, Bcl-2, Bax	[143]
Lycopene	Modulation of biotransformation enzymes and antioxidant defenses, induction of apoptosis	Glutathione redox cycle antioxidants, Bcl-2, Bax, Bim, caspase-8, caspase-3	[42,138]
Naringenin	Modulation of biotransformation enzymes and antioxidant defenses	Glutathione redox cycle antioxidants	[144]
S-allylcysteine	Modulation of biotransformation enzymes and antioxidant defenses, induction of apoptosis	Glutathione redox cycle antioxidants, Bcl-2, Bax, Bim, caspase-8, caspase-3	[42,138]
	Induction of apoptosis
Tea polyphenols and EGCG	Modulation of antioxidant defenses, inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis	PCNA, GST-pi, VEGF, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome C, caspase-3	[116,145]

MNNG: N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR: VEGF receptors; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; NF-κB: Nuclear factor κB; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase; EGCG: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate.