Occult pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in patients undergoing invasive evaluation for chronic pancreatitis: A retrospective study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and variables of patients with chronic pancreatitis with and without pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Characteristics	Overall, n = 359	Non-PDAC, n = 326	CP-PDAC, n = 33	P value
Age (years)	52 (42, 61)	52 (41, 60)	54 (48, 62)	0.256
BMI (kg/m2)	21.07 (19.13, 22.76)	21.09 (19.14, 22.80)	20.78 (19.12, 22.42)	0.658
Sex				1.000
Female	74 (20.61)	67 (20.55)	7 (21.21)
Male	285 (79.39)	259 (79.45)	26 (78.79)
Imaging features
Atrophy				0.464
No	304 (84.68)	278 (85.28)	26 (78.79)
Yes	55 (15.32)	48 (14.72)	7 (21.21)
Mass				0.022
No	224 (62.40)	210 (64.42)	14 (42.42)
Yes	135 (37.60)	116 (35.58)	19 (57.58)
Calcification				0.73
No	235 (65.46)	212 (65.03)	23 (69.70)
Yes	124 (34.54)	114 (34.97)	10 (30.30)
Stone				0.021
No	198 (55.15)	173 (53.07)	25 (75.76)
Yes	161 (44.85)	153 (46.93)	8 (24.24)
Cyst				0.753
No	285 (79.39)	260 (79.75)	25 (75.76)
Yes	74 (20.61)	66 (20.25)	8 (24.24)
Clinical features
Duration (days)	31 (13, 153)	31 (13, 169)	28 (10, 91)	0.115
Jaundice				0.147
No	271 (75.49)	250 (76.69)	21 (63.64)
Yes	88 (24.51)	76 (23.31)	12 (36.36)
Abdominal pain				0.301
No	110 (30.64)	103 (31.60)	7 (21.21)
Yes	249 (69.36)	223 (68.40)	26 (78.79)
Weight loss				0.567
No	202 (57.71)	185 (58.36)	17 (51.52)
Yes	148 (42.29)	132 (41.64)	16 (48.48)
Acute pancreatitis				0.873
No	292 (81.34)	266 (81.60)	26 (78.79)
Yes	67 (18.66)	60 (18.40)	7 (21.21)
Diabetes mellitus				0.529
No	292 (81.34)	267 (81.90)	25 (75.76)
Yes	67 (18.66)	59 (18.10)	8 (24.24)
Hypertension				0.896
No	302 (84.12)	275 (84.36)	27 (81.82)
Yes	57 (15.88)	51 (15.64)	6 (18.18)
Smoking index				0.696
0	193 (53.76)	175 (53.68)	18 (54.55)
< 400	63 (17.55)	59 (18.10)	4 (12.12)
400-799	66 (18.38)	60 (18.40)	6 (18.18)
≥ 800	37 (10.31)	32 (9.82)	5 (15.15)
Drinking				0.668
None	259 (72.14)	233 (71.47)	26 (78.79)
Moderate	41 (11.42)	38 (11.66)	3 (9.09)
Heavy	59 (16.43)	55 (16.87)	4 (12.12)
Laboratory test
MPV (fL)	11.1 (10.1, 12.2)	11.1 (10.1, 12.2)	11.1 (10.0, 12.5)	0.488
PLT (× 109/L)	197 (156, 251)	198 (156, 251)	193 (146, 251)	0.731
LYM (× 109/L)	1.42 (1.07, 1.85)	1.42 (1.09, 1.87)	1.20 (1.04, 1.58)	0.176
WBC (× 109/L)	5.66 (4.61, 7.23)	5.69 (4.60, 7.23)	5.58 (4.99, 7.61)	0.563
HGB (g/L)	132 (119, 142)	132 (120, 142)	126 (111, 139)	0.156
HCT (%), mean ± SD	39.8 (5.45)	40.0 (5.38)	38.0 (5.94)	0.047
RBC (× 109/L), mean ± SD	4.26 (0.59)	4.28 (0.58)	4.07 (0.62)	0.051
GLU (mmol/L)	5.56 (4.88, 6.66)	5.56 (4.89, 6.56)	5.64 (4.76, 7.22)	0.746
CRE (μmol/L)	53.0 (45.0, 62.0)	53.0 (44.5, 62.0)	53.0 (48.0, 64.0)	0.659
BUN (mmol/L)	4.70 (3.79, 5.98)	4.69 (3.78, 5.93)	5.49 (4.16, 7.09)	0.051
ALB (g/L), mean ± SD	39.04 (5.82)	39.06 (5.81)	38.93 (5.93)	0.904
TP (g/L), mean ± SD	66.88 (8.51)	66.98 (8.55)	65.97 (8.20)	0.517
DBIL (µmol/L)	5.30 (3.40, 16.10)	5.30 (3.40, 12.80)	7.60 (4.00, 111.40)	0.062
ALT (U/L)	34.00 (20.00, 86.00)	32.50 (19.00, 83.75)	56.00 (27.00, 98.00)	0.019
AST (U/L)	27.00 (19.00, 59.00)	26.00 (19.00, 57.00)	30.00 (22.00, 66.00)	0.166
Calcium (mmol/L)	2.20 (2.11, 2.32)	2.19 (2.10, 2.32)	2.27 (2.19, 2.31)	0.077
DD (mg/L)	0.64 (0.43, 1.02)	0.64 (0.44, 1.04)	0.50 (0.42, 1.00)	0.747
FIB (g/L)	3.48 (2.79, 4.24)	3.45 (2.79, 4.23)	3.73 (2.82, 4.26)	0.394
INR	1.03 (0.97, 1.09)	1.03 (0.97, 1.09)	1.03 (0.98, 1.08)	0.961
PT (seconds)	12.9 (11.9, 13.8)	12.9 (11.9, 13.8)	12.9 (12.0, 14.0)	0.489
CA19-9 (U/mL)	21.18 (9.29, 64.63)	18.09 (8.72, 49.42)	186.20 (39.27, 789.40)	< 0.001
CA125 (U/mL)	13.60 (9.50, 23.50)	13.20 (9.24, 22.75)	20.75 (11.65, 34.06)	0.021
CEA (ng/mL)	2.47 (1.59, 3.50)	2.38 (1.52, 3.24)	3.55 (2.50, 6.78)	< 0.001

Non-normally distributed variables were presented as median [interquartile range (Q1, Q3)]. Categorical variables were summarized as n (%). CP: Chronic pancreatitis; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; BMI: Body mass index; MPV: Mean platelet volume; PLT: Platelet; LYM: Lymphocyte; WBC: White blood cell; HGB: Hemoglobin; HCT: Hematocrit; RBC: Red blood cell; GLU: Glucose; CRE: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; ALB: Albumin; TP: Total protein; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; DD: D-dimer; FIB: Fibrinogen; INR: International normalized ratio; PT: Prothrombin time; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CA125: Carbohydrate antigen 125; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.