Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 molecular mechanisms in gastric cancer progression

Table 1 MALAT1 overexpression and clinical characteristics in GC patients

Samples	Sample	Clinical implications	Ref.
61 GC/DM, 50 GC/NDM, 36 C	Plasma, tissue	Staging, Metastasis	Xia et al[38]
150 GC, 15 peritumoral paraffin-embedded	Tissue	OS, PFS	Li et al[49]
78 GC, 78 NTAT	Tissue	Staging, LNM	Li et al[52]
60 GC, 60 NTAT	Tissue	Staging, LNM, Tumor size	Zhang et al[53]
20 GC, 20 NTAT	Tissue	Metastasis	Chen et al[54]
70 GC, 70 C	Serum	Staging	Lu et al[39]
89 GC, 89 NTAT	Tissue	LNM, Tumor size	Yan et al[32]
64 GC, 64 NTAT, 64 C	Tissue, plasma	Metastasis	Zhu et al[33]
30 GC, 30 NTAT	Tissue	Vascular invasion, Lymphatic invasion	Esfandi et al[30]
37 GC, 37 NTAT	Tissue	Staging	Li et al[34]
30 GC, 30 NTAT	Tissue	OS	Dai et al[35]
24 GC, 24 NTAT, 24 GC/OXA	Tissue	Chemoresistance	Zhang et al[36]

C: control samples without cancer; GC: gastric cancer patients; GC/OXA: gastric cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin; GC/DM: gastric cancer patients with distant metastasis; CG/NDM: gastric cancer patients withoutmetastasis; LNM: lymph node metastasis; OS: overall survival; NTAT: nontumoral adjacent tissues of GC patients; PFS: progression-free survival.

Table 2 MALAT1 molecular mechanism in GC

Cell line	Molecular interactions	Main discoveries	Ref.
MKN28, SGC7901, BCG823, GES1	EGFL7	MALAT1/EGFL7 axis promotes metastasis and cell invasion	Deng et al[46]
MKN45, AGS, GES1	EZH2/PCDH10	MALAT1 recruits EZH2 to inhibit the synthesis of cadherin PCDH10, promoting metastasis	Qi et al[55]
SGC7901, MKN 45, BGC823, CTC141, CTC105, GES1	miR-122/IGF1R	miR-122/IGF1R axis causes dysregulation of MALAT1, increasing cell invasion and migration of cells	Xia et al[38]
SGC7901, MKN45, BGC823, AGS, SGC7901NM, SGC7901M, GES1	E-cadherin, vimentin, SLUG, SNAIL, TWIST	MALAT1 contributes to cell migration, invasion, and proliferation by upregulating EMT markers and downregulating E-cadherin	Chen et al[54]
MKN28, MKN74, AGS	RASSF6, β-catenin	Dysregulation of MALAT1 improves the expression of β-catenin and other EMT markers, promoting metastasis	Lee et al[56]
BGC823, SGC7901, HEK293T, GES1	UPF1	Overexpression of MALAT1 causes hypermethylation of the UPF1 promoter, increasing cell migration, invasion, and proliferation	Li et al[57]
BGC823, SGC7901, MKN45, AGS, BGC803, MGC803, GES1	VE-cadherin/β-catenin, ERK/MMP, FAK/paxillin	MALAT1 promotes angiogenesis by through vasculogenic mimicry	Li et al[49]
BGC823, SGC7901, MKN45, MKN28, GES1	miR-1297/HMGB2	MALAT1/miR-1297 increases HMGB2 protein, promoting cell invasion and proliferation of cells	Li et al[52]
SGC7901, SGC7901/VCR, BGC823	miR-23b-3p/ATG12	MALAT1/miR-23b-3p, promotes drug resistance via the ATG12 protein	YiRen et al[37]
SGC7901, MKN45, MKN28, GES1	miR-202/GLI2	MALAT1/miR-202, increases GLI2 expression, inducing tumor progression and cell proliferation	Zhang et al[53]
BGC823, SGC7901, GES1	Vimentin, E-cadherin	MALAT1 decreases E-cadherin and increases vimentin expression, promoting EMT	Yang et al[58]
BGC823, HGC27, SGC7901, GES1	miR-183/SIRT1, PI3KCA/AKT/mTOR	MALAT1/miR-183 increases SIRT1 protein expression, increasing cell viability, and inhibiting cell apoptosis	Li et al[59]
MGC803, GES1	miR-181a-5p/AKT3	MALAT1/miR-181a-5p increases AKT3 protein expression, promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis	Lu et al[39]
MKN45, SGC7901, GES1	Vimentin, E-cadherin, SOX2	MALAT1 increases cell stemness via the SOX2 protein, and promotes metastasis	Xiao et al[60]
BGC823, HGC27, MKN45, AGS, GES1	IL-21R/miR-125a	MALAT1/miR-125a increases IL-21R expression, increasing cell invasion	Yan et al[32]
AGS, SNU1	PI3KCA/AKT	MALAT1 contributes to cell proliferation, invasion, and migration through the PI3KCA/AKT pathway	Zhu et al[33]
MKN45, MKN28, MGC803, MGC803/CDDP, HGC27, NCIN87, AGS, GES1	PI3KCA/AKT	MALAT1 increases PI3KCA, AKT and STAT3 activity, promoting resistance to cisplatin	Dai et al[35]
SGC7901, BGC823, GES1	miR-22-3p/ErbB3	MALAT1/miR22-3p inhibits cell apoptosis	Li et al[34]
CTC141, CTC105, MKN45, GES1	miR-204/MAP1LC3B/TRPM3	MALAT1/miR-204 increases the expression of LC3B and TRPM3, promoting autophagy	Shao et al[18]
SGC7901, BGC823, SGC7901/OXA, BGC823/OXA	miR22-3p/ZFP91	MALAT1 increases resistance to OXA	Zhang et al[36]
SGC7901, SGC7901/CDDP	miR-30e/ATG5	MALAT1 acts as a ceRNA to miR-30e, raising cisplatin resistance and autophagy via the miR-30e/AGT5 axis	Zhang et al[61]
SGC7901, MGC803, HEK293T	CCL21, miR-202-3p/SRSF1, SRSF1/mTOR	MALAT1 promotes EMT through miR-202-3p/SRSF1/ mTOR	Fu et al[45]

AKT: erine/threonine-protein kinase; ATG5: Autophagy related 5; ATG12: autophagy related 12; CCL21: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 21; ceRNA: Competitive endogenous RNA; EGFL7: Epidermal growth factor-like domain-containing protein 7; ERBB3: Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EZH2: Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit; FAK: Focal adhesion kinase; GLI2: GLI family zinc finger 2; HMGB2: High mobility group box 2; IGF1R: insulin like growth factor 1 receptor; IL-21R: Interleukin 21 receptor; MALAT1: Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; MAP1LC3B: Microtubule Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 Beta; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinases; OXA: Oxaliplatin; PCDH10: Protocadherin 10; PI3KCA: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha; RASSF6: Ras association domain family member 6; SIRT1: Sirtuin 1; SOX2: SRY-box transcription factor 2; SRSF1: Serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 1; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TRPM3: Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3; UPF1: UPF1 RNA helicase and ATPase; ZFP91: Zinc finger protein 91.