Radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: The past, the present and the future

Table 1 Case series on radiofrequency ablation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-themokinetic principles

Ref.	n	Age (yr)	Tumour size (cm)	Thermokinetics
Matsui et al[24]	20	59	5.3	15 min at 50 °C in 2 × 2 × 2 cc field
Date et al[25]	1	58	3	RITA probe, 90 °C for 10 min each
Hadjicostas et al[26]	4	70	8.5 (3-12)	Cooltip© RFA for shorter duration of 2-8 min with 17-gauge electrode
Varshney et al[27]	3	58	6.5	4200 W of energy was delivered using a saline perfused needle with the aim of producing a 3 cm diameter necrosis
Wu et al[28]	16	67	51	Cooltip© RFA probe with up to 200 W energy, 12 min and tip temperature < 30 °C. A 5 mm safe distance between probe and major vessel
Spiliotis et al[20]	12	67	3.5	Cooltip© 17-gauge RFA electrode which achieved 80-90 °C. Cooltip© at < 10 min each
Casadei et al[29]	3	66	4.7	Cooltip© ablation at 90 °C for 5 min each
Girelli et al[11]	50	65	4	RITA system was used. Initial temperature of 105 °C (first 25 patients) was reduced to 90 °C after interim review
Zou3 et al[30]	32	68	4-122	17 gauge electrode at 100-150 W energy with tip temperature of 90-100 °C for 12 min each After RFA, 125Iodine seed was implanted
Ikuta et al[31]	1	60	4	Cooltip© 17-gauge RFA electrode for 3-4 min each and a temperature of 99 °C

¹82% tumors were > 5 cm;

²Mean/median size not mentioned;

³Simultaneous

¹²⁵I seed implantation. RFA: Radiofrequency ablation.