Helicobacter pylori associated Asian enigma: Does diet deserve distinction?

Figure 1 Three main factors behind Helicobacter pylori associated enigma namely: (1) Bacterial virulence factors; (2) Host genetic factors; and (3) Environmental factors. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; cagA: Cytotoxin associated gene-A; VacA: Vacuolating cytotoxin A; IL-1: Interleukin-1.

Figure 2 Multiple roles of salt in augmenting Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases. Salt can not only cause direct mucosal damage but also increase the colonization as well as virulent Helicobacter pylori strains. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Figure 3 Dual impact of diet in either aggravating or alleviating Helicobacter pylori linked diverse disease outcome. Dietary ingredients can equally increase or decrease the inflammatory cascade by modulating the expression of various molecules ultimately modifying the outcome of H. pylori infection. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.