Dynamic programmed death-ligand 1 and multimodal biomarkers in gastric cancer immunotherapy

Figure 1 Multimodal artificial intelligence-based solutions for predicting response to programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors in advanced gastric cancer. This figure illustrates multimodal artificial intelligence-based solutions for predicting personalized responses to programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors in advanced gastric cancer. The framework integrates diverse data types, including circulating immune cell populations, standard biomarkers (programmed death-ligand 1, combined positive score, and microsatellite instability status), computed tomography-based radiomics, and whole-slide images. PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; CPS: Combined positive score; MSI: Microsatellite instability; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; WSI: Whole-slide images; CT: Computed tomography.