Novel biomarkers for patient stratification in colorectal cancer: A review of definitions, emerging concepts, and data

Figure 1 High-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of intact rectal cancer tissue biopsies. A and B: Annotated representative HR-MAS NMR spectral metabolite pattern for rectal cancer (A) and healthy rectal mucosa (B); C and D: Acquired data can then be subjected to supervised and un-supervised multivariate analysis using PCA and PLS-DA (C) to determine metabolic processes up- and down-regulated in cancerous tissue (D) (original data). NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance; PCA: Principal component analysis; PLS-DA: Partial least squares discriminant analysis.

Figure 2 Algorithm for testing of mismatch repair genes in colorectal cancer for Lynch syndrome. MMR: Mismatch repair; MSI: Microsatellite instability.