Tumors and new endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapies

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria of patients treated with endoscopic ultrasound-guided cryotherm ablation

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Age > 18 yr	Severe alteration of hemostasis
Able to give consent for the procedure	Unwilling or unable to give consent
	Pregnancy
PLT > 100  000/μL	Infection and/or severe leucopenia
INR < 1.5	Acute pancreatitis
Unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma already treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy	Distant metastasis

PLT: Platelet count; INR: International normalized ratio.

Table 2 Potential applications of therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound for pancreatic cancer

Ref.	Year of publication	Type of cancer	n	Materials	Results	Complications
Arcidiacono et al[32]	2012	Adeno-carcinoma	22	Cryotherm probe	Feasible (72%), and safe	Pain (3 pts); minor bleeding (1 pt)
Gan et al[34]	2005	Cystic tumors	25	Ethanol lavage	Complete resolution (35%)	No complications
Oh et al[36]	2008	Cystic tumors	52	Ethanol lavage + paclitaxel	Complete resolution (62%)	Mild pancreatitis and splenic vein obliteration (1 pt)
Chang et al[39]	2000	Adeno-carcinoma	8	Cytoimplant	2 partial responses and 1 minor response	Low-grade fever (86%); GI toxicities (37%)
Hecht	2012	Adeno-carcinoma	50	TNFerade	1 complete response; 3 partial responses; 12 stable diseases	Pancreatitis and cholangitis (3 pts)
Hecht et al[42]	2003	Adeno-carcinoma	21	ONYX-015 + iv gemcitabine	Partial response (2 pts)	Sepsis (2 pts); duodenal perforation (2 pts)
Jin et al[50]	2008	Adeno-carcinoma	22	iodine 125-seeds	Successful implantation in all pts; partial remission (13%); stable disease (45%)	No complications

GI: Gastrointestinal.