Yield of capsule endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: A comparative study between premenopausal and menopausal women

Table 1 Patient characteristics n (%)

No. of patients (n = 183)	All	PMW (30.6%, n = 56)	MW (69.4%, n = 127)	P value1
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	64.3 ± 15.8	43.7 ± 8.0	74.3 ± 7.9	< 0.001
Comorbidities
Chronic kidney disease	24 (13.1)	0 (0)	24 (18.9)	< 0.001
Coronary artery disease	20 (10.9)	3 (5.4)	17 (13.4)	0.11
Heart failure	47 (25.7)	0 (0)	47 (37.0)	< 0.001
Hepatic disease	7 (3.8)	1 (1.8)	6 (4.7)	0.34
Atrial fibrillation	33 (18.0)	2 (3.6)	31 (34.4)	0.001
Drugs
Anticoagulation	35 (19.1)	2 (3.6)	33 (26.0)	< 0.001
Anti-platelet drugs	57 (31.1)	6 (10.7)	51 (40.2)	< 0.001
NSAIDs	61 (33.3)	8 (14.3)	53 (41.7)	< 0.001

¹t -test: χ² test, as appropriate; P value of 0.05 indicating statistical significance; PMW: Premenopausal women; MW: Menopausal women; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Table 2 Indication, mean hemoglobin value and need of transfusional support in all patients, and between premenopausal and menopausal groups n (%)

No. of patients (n = 183)	All	PMW(30.6%, n = 56)	MW(69.4%, n = 127)	P value1
Indication for CE				0.11
Occult OGIB	151 (82.5)	50 (89.3)	101 (79.5)
Overt OGIB	32 (17.5)	6 (10.7)	26 (20.5)
IDA	149 (81.4)	50 (89.3)	99 (78.0)
Positive fecal occult blood test	2 (1.1)	0 (0)	2 (1.6)
Hematochezia	14 (7.7)	2 (3.6)	12 (9.4)
Melena	18 (9.8)	4 (7.1)	14 (11.0)
Hb prior to CE, g/dL	9.7 ( ± 2.0)	10.4 ( ± 1.7)	9.3 ( ± 2.1)	0.001
Need of transfusional support prior to CE	63 (34.4)	7 (12.5)	56 (44.1)	< 0.001

¹t-test: χ² test, as appropriate; P value of 0.05 indicating statistical significance. CE: Capsule endoscopy; PMW: Premenopausal women; MW: Menopausal women; OGIB: Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding; IDA: Iron deficiency anemia; Hb: Hemoglobin.

Table 3 Capsule Endoscopy findings in all patients, and between premenopausal and menopausal groups n (%)

No. of patients (n = 183)	All	PMW (30.6%, n = 56)	MW (69.4%, n = 127)	P value1
Positive Findings	122 (66.7)	31 (55.4)	91 (71.7)	0.031
CE Findings
Angiodysplasias	69 (37.7)	12 (21.4)	57 (44.9)
Ulcers/erosions	18 (9.8)	11 (19.6)	7 (5.5)
Mass lesions	16 (8.7)	5 (8.9)	11 (8.7)
Meckel's diverticulum	3 (1.6)	0 (0)	3 (2.4)
Other	2 (1.0)	2 (3.6)	0 (0)
Saurin’s Classification				0.043
P1	46 (66.7)	11 (91.7)	35 (61.4)
P2	23 (33.3)	1 (8.3)	22 (38.6)
Blood in GI tract	23 (12.6)	3 (5.4)	20 (15.7)	0.051
Blood with no lesions	14 (7.7)	1 (1.8)	13 (10.2)
Adequate small bowel cleansing	142 (77.6)	44 (78.6)	56 (44.1)	0.83

¹t-test: χ² test, as appropriate; P value of 0.05 indicating statistical significance. CE: Capsule endoscopy; PMW: Premenopausal women; MW: Menopausal women; Saurin et al[7] Classification: Positive-P2 (high potential for bleeding) and negative-P1 (uncertain hemorrhagic potential).

Table 4 Capsule endoscopy outcomes in all patients, and between premenopausal and menopausal groups n (%)

No. of patients (n = 183)	All	PMW(30.6%, n = 56)	MW(69.4%, n = 127)	P value1
Diagnostic yield	98 (53.6)	17 (30.4)	81 (63.8)	< 0.001
Therapeutic yield	23 (12.6)	1 (1.8)	22 (17.3)	0.003
Rebleeding rate	46 (25.1)	5 (8.9)	41 (32.3)	0.031
Time to rebleed, yr				0.001
	1 yr, 16.4	1 yr, 3.6	1 yr, 22.0
	3 yr, 25.8	3 yr, 10.2	3 yr, 32.3
	5 yr, 27.2	5 yr, 10.2	5 yr, 34.2
Hospitalization rate	13 (7.1)	1 (1.8)	12 (9.4)	0.063
Mortality rate	2 (1.0)	0 (0)	2 (1.6)	0.345

¹t-test: χ² test, as appropriate; P value of 0.05 indicating statistical significance.