Feasibility and safety of endoscopic cryoablation at the duodenal papilla: Porcine model

Figure 1 Endoscopic view of porcine duodenal papilla. A: Normal porcine duodenal papilla prior to treatment; B: Frost formation at the porcine duodenal papilla following liquid nitrogen cryotherapy.

Figure 2 Endoscopic view of duodenal papilla 7 d following liquid nitrogen cryospray application.

Figure 3 High-power microscopic view (HE x 40 ) of porcine duodenal papilla 7 d after application of a liquid nitrogen cryospray dose of 20 secfor 4 freeze-thaw cycles. There is severe blunting and loss of villar tips, infiltration of fibrous tissue and influx of mixed inflammatory cells into the lamina propria and loss of crypt architecture extending through the mucosa. The submucosa and muscularis propria are intact.