Metabonomic window into hepatitis B virus-related hepatic diseases

Table 1 Summary of metabolomic studies of chronic hepatitis B

Ref.	Year	Species	Tissue	Platform	Up-regulated	Down-regulated
Zhou et al[23]	2012	Human	Serum	LC-MS	Cortisol, GCA, GCDCA, LysoPC (15:0), LysoPE (22:6), C16:1-CN	Tryptophan, C10-CN, C10:1-CN, C8-CN, C6-CN
		CHB 30 N 30
		CHB/N
Soga et al[24]	2011	Human	Serum	CE-TOM	γ-Glu-Thr
		CHB 7 N53		LC-MS
		CHB/N

CHB: Chronic hepatitis B; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; GCA: Glycocholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; LysoPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine; LysoPE: Lysophosphatidylethanolamine; CN: C16:1-acylcarnitine.

Table 2 Summary of metabolomic studies of hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis

Ref.	Year	Species	Tissue	Platform	Up-regulated	Down-regulated
Liu et al[42]	2013	Human	Serum	NMR	L-phenylalanine, C16 sphinganine, alpha-CEHC, LysoPC (18:1), linoelaidic acid, PC (18:4/20:1), bilirubin	L-carnitine, decanoyl-L-carnitine, phytosphingosine, 3α, 6α, 7α, 12α-tetrahydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid PC (14:1/14:1), LysoPC (16:0)
		LC 42		LC-MS
		N 18
		LC/N
Wang et al[39]	2012	Human	Urine	GC-MS	Prolile, citrate, aconitate, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate, taurohyocholate, glycocholate, glycoursodeoxycholate	Threonine, hippurate, 2-aminobutyrate, cis-aconitate, pyroglutamate, alpha-hydroxyisobutyrate, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, alpha-hydroxyhippurate, estrone
		LC 63		UPLC-TOFMS
		N 31
		LC/N
Zhou et al[23]	2012	Human	Serum	LC-MS	GCA, GCDCA, CN	Tryptophan, LysoPC (20:5), LysoPC (0:0/14:0), LysoPC (22:6), LysoPC (14:0/0:0), LysoPE (20:4), C10-CN, C10:1-CN, C8-CN, C6-CN
		CIR 30
		N 30
		CIR/N
Yin et al[41]	2009	Human	Serum	RRLC	Taurocholic acid fragment, GCA, bilirubin, TCDCA fragment, GCDCA, oleic acid fragment, taurocholic acid fragment, carnitine fragment, L-acetylcarnitine	Hypoxanthine, lysoPC C18:2, LPC C18:3, LPC C16:1, LPC C18:0, Hypoxanthine fragment, inosine, taurine, 6-methylnicotinic acid
		LC25 N25
		LC/N
		Xue et al[40]					2009	HBV infected human	Serum	GC-MS	Acetic acid, hexanoic acid, 1-naphthalenamine, butanoic acid	Sorbitol, D-Lactic acid, phosphoric acid, D-glucitol, glucose
LC20 non-LC 20
LC/non-LC

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; GCA: Glycocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; LC: Liver cirrhosis; PC: Phosphatidylcholine; NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance; Alpha-CEHC: 2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-(2'-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman; LysoPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine; LysoPE: Lysophosphatidylethanolamine; UPLC-TOFMS: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometer; CN: C16:1-acylcarnitine; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.

Table 3 Summary of metabolomic studies of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Ref.	Year	Species	Tissue	Platform	Up-regulated	Down-regulated
Li et al[56]	2015	Human	Liver	NMR	Fructose-bisphosphatealdolase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, alpha-enolase, citrate synthase	4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
		Hepatoblastoma cell line	Host cell		Phosphoglycerate kinase 1	Fumarylacetoacetase
		HepG2.2.15/HepG2			Triosephosphate isomerase
					Sussinate dehydrogenase
					Malate dehydrogenase
Liu et al[52]	2013	Human	Liver	UPLC-MS	Sitosterol-beta, L-phenylalanine, LysoPC [18:2 (9Z, 12Z)], quinaldic acid glycerophosphocholine, LysoPC (18:0)	Arachidyl carnitine
		HCC 10			LysoPE (18:0/0:0), chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate	Tetradecanal
		Central/distant			LysoPE [18:3 (9Z, 12Z, 15Z)/0:0]	Oleamide
					LysoPC [22:6 (4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)] M
					LysoPC [20:4 (5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z)]
Zhou et al[23]	2012	Human	Serum	LC-MS	GCA, GCDCA, C16:1-CN	Tryptophan, C10:1-CN, C8-CN, C10-CN,
		HCC 30 N 30				C6-CN, LysoPC (20:5)
		HCC/N				LysoPC (0:0/14:0), LysoPC (20:3), LysoPC (14:0/0:0)
Yin et al[41]	2009	Human	Serum	LC-MS	Taurocholic acid, GCA, bilirubin, TCDCA, GCDCA, oleic acid, taurocholic acid, carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine	Hypoxanthine, phytosphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, LPC C18:2, LPC C18:3, LPC C16:1, LPC C18:0 phytosphingosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, taurine, 6-methylnicotinic acid
		HCC 24 N 25
		HCC/N

LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LysoPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine; LysoPE: Lysophosphatidylethanolamine; LPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine; GCA: Glycocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; UPLC-TOFMS: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometer; CN: C16:1-acylcarnitine; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.