Hepatitis B virus infection in immigrant populations

Table 1 Studies and immigrants screened, according to the geographical area of origin

Region	No. of studies	No. of immigrants investigated
Eastern Europe	8	4163402
Africa	13	959046
Latin America	5	130003914
Asia	17	8468256

Table 2 Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in immigrant populations

Ref.	Country	Type of study	No. of patients1	Area of origin and percentage (%)	HBsAg positive (%)
Roussos et al[18]	Greece	Prospective	130	Eastern Europe: 86	15.33
				Asia: 8.5	27.3
				Africa: 6.2	0
Caruana et al[30]	Australia	Prospective	329	South east Asia	Laos 9.5
				(Laos and Cambodia)	Cambodia 8
Toro et al[16]	Spain	Prospective	1303	Latin America: 46	0
				Sub-Saharan Africa: 23.7	15
				Eastern Europe: 9.4	0
				Northern Africa: 9.2	3.2
				Asia: 4.9	Unknown
Hislop et al[29]	Canada	Prospective	504	China: 100	6
Majori et al[13]	Italy	Prospective	182	Sub-Saharan Africa: 100	9.3
Museru et al[24]	United States	Retrospective	9570	Asia: 24	10.72
				Africa: 71
				Eastern Europe: 4
Tafuri et al[12]	Italy	Prospective	529	Africa: 96.4	8.3
				Asia: 3.6	0
Milionis et al[19]	Greece	Prospective	504	Albania: 100	11.7
Lee et al[27]	United States	Prospective	567	Asia: 100	6
Levy et al[26]	United States	Prospective	684	South America: 96.4	0.3
			1502	Asia: 7.7	3.8
Mitchell et al[25]	United States	Retrospective	27900000	Latin America: 46.6	1.6
				Africa: 3.36	11.1
				Mediterranean countries: 6	5
				Europe: 14.3	2.9
				South East Asia: 6.6	4
				Pacific Countries: 23.7	11
Kallman et al[28]	United States	Prospective	322	Vietnam: 100	9.3
Veldhuijzen et al[22]	Holland	Prospective	1090	China: 100	8.5
Rivas et al[15]	Spain	Retrospective	1493	Sub-Saharan Africa: 100	8.4
McCarthy et al[10]	Canada, Europe, United States, Australia, New Zeland	Retrospective	15421	Africa: 41	12.5
				Asia: 35.8	11.7
				South America: 16.1	2
				Eastern Europe: 4	0
Vedio et al[21]	United Kingdom	Prospective	229	China: 100	8.7
Zuure et al[38]	The Netherlands	Prospective	465	Egypt: 100	1.1
Richter et al[39]	The Netherlands	Prospective	959	Eastern Asia: 100	2.2
Burgazli et al[20]	Germany	Prospective	1287	Turkey: 100	5
Mixson-Hayden et al[23]	United States	Prospective	4890	Somalia: 14.5	5.54
				Asia: 86.5	6.84
El-Hamad et al[17]	Italy	Prospective	3728	North Africa: 12.4	2.8
				Eastern Europe: 44	6.9
				Sub-Saharan Africa: 21.4	3.7
				Asia: 16.8 (37 China)	3.4
				Central-South America: 5.4	3.3
Coppola et al[14]	Italy	Prospective	882	Northern Africa: 9	2.5
				Sub-Saharan Africa: 50.3	13.9
				Eastern Europe: 22	6.2
				India-Pakistan Area: 14.3	3.2

¹Estimated cases;

²It is not possible to differentiate for geographical area of origin;

³Albania 22.4%;

⁴HBV-DNA-positive. HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV: Hepatitis B virus.

Table 3 Prevalence of hepatitis B virus genotype in immigrant populations n (%)

Ref.	No. of HBV-DNA-positive patients (%)	HBVgenotype A	HBVgenotype B	HBVgenotype C	HBVgenotype D	HBVgenotype E	HBVgenotype F	HBVgenotype G
Toro et al[16]	43 (81)	15 (34.9)	-	-	16 (37.2)	10 (23.2)	-	1 (2.3)
Scotto et al[11]	144 (75.4)	12 (8.3)4	22 (15.3)	19 (13.2)	26 (18.1)	65 (45.13)
Rivas et al[15]	40 (52.6)2	22 (64.7)3	-	-	2 (5)	10 (25)	-	-
Zuure et al[38]	5 (100)	-	-	-	5 (100)	-	-
Mixson-Hayden et al[23]	331 (12.1)1	9 (2.7)	164 (49.5)	137 (41.4)	-	-	-	1 (0.3)
El-Hamad et al[17]	45 (27)	8 (18)	5 (11)	5 (11)	27 (60)

¹Twenty specimens could not be genotyped;

²Six specimens could not be genotyped;

³Five subjects presented mixed genotypes (A/D);

⁴Four subjects presented mixed genotypes (2 A/D; 2 A/F). HBV: Hepatitis B virus.