Hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A growing challenge

Table 1 Summary of genetic variants described in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Ref.	SNP	Associated gene	Population/cohort
Sookoian et al[22]; Shen et al[23]	rs738409 C>G	PNPLA3	American cohort; Swedish cohort; Italian cohort; British, Swiss cohort
Liu et al[24]; Donati et al[25]	rs58542926 C>T	TM6SF2	American cohort
Donati et al[25]; Kozlitina et al[26]; Falleti et al[27]; Vespasiani-Gentilucci et al[28]; Luukkonen et al[29]; Mancina et al[30]	rs641738 C>T	MBOAT7	Italian cohort

MBOAT7: Membrane bound O-acetyltransferase domain containing 7; PNPLA3: Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 3; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; TM6SF2: Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2.

Table 2 Summary of genetic mutations described in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Ref.	Gene	Mechanism /pathway
Llovet et al[34]; Zucman-Rossi et al[35]	TERT	Telomere maintenance
Brunner et al[36]	ACVR2A	Transforming growth factor-β superfamily
Llovet et al[34]; Zucman-Rossi et al[35]	ARID5A	Chromatin remodeling
Llovet et al[34]	CDKN2A	Cell cycle
Llovet et al[34]; Zucman-Rossi et al[35]	CTNNB1	β-catenin and WNT pathway activation
Llovet et al[34]; Zucman-Rossi et al[35]	TP53	Cellular tumor antigen, cell cycle
Llovet et al[34]; Zucman-Rossi et al[35]	FGF19	AKT/mTOR
Shen et al[39]	Cel	Cholesterol and lipids ester hydrolysis and absorption
Llovet et al[34]	TSC	mTOR, Hippo pathway

ACVR2A: Activin receptor type 2A; ARID5A: AT-rich interaction domain 5A; CDKN2A: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; Cel: Carboxyl ester lipase; CTNNB1: β-catenin; TP53: Tumor antigen p53; FGF19: Fibroblast growth factor 19; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TSC: Tuberous sclerosis complex.