Clostridioides difficile infection in liver cirrhosis patients: A population-based study in United States

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population, n (%)

	Patients with history of liver cirrhosis (n = 133400)	Patients with no history of liver cirrhosis (n = 19254360)
Age groups (yr)
20-64	73620 (55)	14934590 (78)
> 65	59780 (45)	4319770 (22)
Gender
Male	71230 (53)	8702330 (45)
Female	62170 (47)	10552030 (55)
Race
Caucasian	101680 (76)	11165060 (58)
Non-Caucasian	31720 (24)	8089300 (42)
Comorbidities
Smoking	54400 (41)	2985460 (16)
Alcohol abuse	30040 (23)	359900 (2)
HTN	100830 (76)	5307920 (28)
DM	63770 (48)	2211420 (11)
Obesity	24400 (18)	1148460 (6)
Chronic kidney disease	33640 (25)	853630 (4)
Coronary artery disease	6280 (5)	229410 (1)
Heart failure	39960 (30)	761710 (4)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	42740 (32)	986400 (5)

DM: Diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile infection in different age and race groups in patients with liver cirrhosis vs no cirrhosis (per 100000)

	Liver cirrhosis	No cirrhosis
Female	176.93	23.31
Male	112.31	14.34
Caucasian	147.52	26.87
African American	54.59	7.34
Hispanic/Latino	257.73	10.96

Table 3 Multivariable model with Clostridioides difficile infection being the outcome

Multivariable model	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value
Age (> 65 yr vs < 65 yr)	2.307	2.179-2.442	< 0.0001
Gender (female vs male)	1.29	1.221-1.363	< 0.0001
Race (non-Caucasian vs Caucasian)	1.16	1.088-1.237	< 0.0001
Antibiotics	19.749	17.3-22.545	< 0.0001
Skilled nursing facility or inpatients	2.02	1.911-2.134	< 0.0001
Acid suppressive therapy (Proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers)	2.243	2.122-2.371	< 0.0001
Comorbidities1	1.258	1.192-1.328	< 0.0001
Liver transplant	2.737	2.087-3.589	< 0.0001
Liver cirrhosis	1.875	1.665-2.113	< 0.0001

¹Comorbidities: One or more of the following (heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension or metabolic syndrome).