Copyright
©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Hepatol. Nov 27, 2019; 11(11): 725-734
Published online Nov 27, 2019. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i11.725
Published online Nov 27, 2019. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i11.725
Variables | Mean ± SD or % | P value1 | |
Cirrhosis (n = 364) | No known liver disease (n = 519) | ||
Age (yr) | 56 ± 11 | 66 ± 18 | < 0.001 |
Sex | < 0.001 | ||
Male | 227 (63) | 232 (45) | |
Female | 133 (37) | 287 (55) | |
Presence of an upper Gastrointestinal symptom | 357 (98) | 505 (97) | 0.457 |
Diabetes mellitus type I | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 0.572 |
Diabetes mellitus type II | 112 (31) | 142 (27) | 0.271 |
HIV | 22 (6) | 17 (3) | 0.049 |
Neurological disorders | 7 (2) | 59 (11) | 0.001 |
Infiltrative diseases (scleroderma or amyloidosis) | 7 (2) | 9 (2) | 0.836 |
Opioid use | 46 (13) | 52 (10) | 0.223 |
Calcium channel blocker use | 30 (8) | 110 (21) | 0.001 |
Other gastric anti-kinetic medications | 19 (5) | 58 (11) | 0.002 |
Prokinetic medications | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.6) | 0.647 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 129 ± 22 | 106 ± 22 | < 0.001 |
Platelets (x 109/L) | 97 ± 50 | 230 ± 87 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 76 ± 21 | 83 ± 29 | < 0.001 |
PT/INR | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
Total Bilirubin (µmol/L) | 20.5 ± 13.7 | 10.3 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 |
Albumin (g/L) | 34 ± 7 | 37 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 58 ± 36 | 23 ± 7 | < 0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 39 ± 31 | 18 ± 8 | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1C | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 0.006 |
TSH (mU/L) | 2.30 ± 0.40 | 3.47 ± 1.67 | 0.304 |
Retained food (n = 33) | No retained food (n = 331) | P value1 | |
Age group | 0.015 | ||
< 60 yr | 12.6% | 87.4% | |
≥ 60 yr | 5.2% | 94.8% | |
Sex | 0.942 | ||
Male | 9.3% | 90.7% | |
Female | 9.0% | 91.0% | |
Diabetes Mellitus type I or II | 13.2% | 86.8% | 0.066 |
Opioid use | 21.7% | 78.3% | 0.004 |
Calcium channel blocker use | 16.7% | 83.3% | 0.173 |
Child-Pugh class | 0.007 | ||
A | 6.4% | 93.6% | |
B | 10.3% | 89.7% | |
C | 24.1% | 75.9% | |
Alcoholic cirrhosis | 13.0% | 87.0% | 0.201 |
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with cirrhosis | 4.3% | 95.7% | 0.406 |
Lower platelet count (continuous) | 0.027 | ||
Portal hypertensive gastropathy | 10.9% | 89.1% | 0.292 |
Gastric varices | 5.6% | 94.4% | 0.758 |
Esophageal varices | 11.0% | 89.0% | 0.084 |
Hepatic encephalopathy | 13.6% | 86.4% | 0.118 |
Ascites | 10.6% | 89.4% | 0.471 |
SBP | 13.3% | 86.7% | 0.640 |
Presence of an upper gastrointestinal symptom | 12.9% | 87.1% | 0.248 |
Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) | P value1 | |
Age | ||
< 60 yr | ref | |
≥ 60 yr | 0.49 (0.21-1.14) | 0.098 |
Diabetes | 2.34 (1.08-5.06) | 0.031 |
Opioid use | 3.08 (1.29-7.34) | 0.011 |
Child-Pugh class | ||
A | ref | |
B | 1.43 (0.62-3.28) | 0.403 |
C | 4.29 (1.43-12.9) | 0.010 |
Platelet count | 0.99 (0.99-1.00) | 0.117 |
- Citation: Snell DB, Cohen-Mekelburg S, Weg R, Ghosh G, Buckholz AP, Mehta A, Ma X, Christos PJ, Jesudian AB. Gastric food retention at endoscopy is associated with severity of liver cirrhosis. World J Hepatol 2019; 11(11): 725-734
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v11/i11/725.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v11.i11.725