Anthropometric indicators of visceral adiposity as predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review

Table 1 Studies evaluating the anthropometric indicators as predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Ref.	Country	Population (n)	Age (yr)	Anthropometric indicator	NAFLD diagnosis
Yoo et al[14]	South Korea	NAFLD (77)	20-88	WC and WHtR	Tomography
		Non-NAFLD (379)
Zheng et al[9]	China	NAFLD (250)	36.6 ± 11.1	WHR, BMI, WC and WHtR	Liver biopsy
		Non-NAFLD (240)	37.3 ± 10.2
Ju et al[10]	South Korea	NAFLD (2553)	42.5 ± 5.1	BMI and WC	Ultrasonography
		Non-NAFLD (6606)	41.6 ± 4.9
Cuthbertson et al[8]	England and Germany	NAFLD (168)	50.3 ± 11.9	LAP	Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
		Non-NAFLD (168)	48.6 ± 10.9
Monteiro et al[16]	Brazil	Obese with NAFLD (45)	11-17	WC	Ultrasonography
		Obese without NAFLD (100)
Zhang et al[17]	China	NAFLD (362)	7-18	WHtR, BMI and WC	Ultrasonography
		Non-NAFLD (6867)
Motamed et al[11]	Iran	NAFLD (2048)	48.6 ± 12.7	WHtR, WHR, ABSI, BRI	Ultrasonography
		Non-NAFLD (2824)	39.0 ± 15.4
Özhan et al[18]	Turkey	Obese without NAFLD (130)	11.6 ± 2.7	WHtR	Ultrasonography
		Obese with NAFLD (202)	12.1 ± 2.6
Lin et al[19]	Taiwan	NAFLD (167)	18.8 ± 1.9	WHtR, WHR	Ultrasonography
		Non-NAFLD (1043)	15.1 ± 2.8
Lee et al[15]	United States	Black (94) and White (58)	14.7 ± 1.8	WC	Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
		overweight and obese adolescents	14.5 ± 1.5
Dai et al[20]	China	NAFLD (12150)	18-94	LAP	Ultrasonography
		Non-NAFLD (28309)

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; WHtR: Waist-to-height ratio; ABSI: Body shape index; BRI: Body roundness index; LAP: Lipid accumulation product.

Table 2 Cut-offs and areas under the ROC curve, sensitivity and specificity of anthropometric indicators to determine non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Ref.	Indicator	Total				Women				Men
		AUC (95%CI)	Cut-offs point	Sens (%)	Spec (%)	AUC (95%CI)	Cut-offs point	Sens (%)	Spec (%)	AUC (95%CI)	Cut-offs point	Sens (%)	Spec (%)
Yoo et al[14]	WHtR					0.80 (0.74-0.86)	0.53	90	63	0.72 (0.63-0.81)	0.52	71	65
	WC					0.79 (0.73-0.86)	84	84	62	0.74 (0.65-0.83)	89	75	64
Zheng et al[9]	WHR	0.916 (0.86-0.97)	0.89	99	66
	BMI	0.854 (0.78-0.93)	24.22	96	64
	WC	0.876 (0.81-0.94)	82.5	95	68
	WHtR	0.878 (0.82-0.94)	0.49	96	64
Ju et al[10]	WC					0.821 (0.801-0.840)	80.395			0.759 (0.746-0.773)	84.945
	BMI					0.83 (0.811-0.850)	22.715			0.76 (0.747-0.773)	24.465
Cuthbertson et al[8]	LAP	0.78 (0.73-0.83)				0.77 (0.69-0.85)				0.74 (0.66-0.82)
Monteiro et al[16]	WC	0.72 (0.636-0.804)		66.7	64			0.733	0.704			0.567	0.6
Zhang et al[17]	WHtR	0.95 (0.94-0.96)	0.47	85.2	92.5
	WC	0.94 (0.92-0.95)	801	86.2	87.4
	BMI	0.93 (0.91-0.94)	801	86.2	87.6
Motamed et al[11]	WHtR					0.8566 (0.8419-0.8714)	0.58	83.3	71.7	0.8457 (0.8320-0.8593)	0.533	82.7	70.8
	BRI					0.8566 (0.8419-0.8714)	5	83.3	71.7	0.8457 (0.8320-0.8593)	4	82.7	70.8
	WHR					0.7673 (0.7487-0.7860)				0.8018 (0.7862-0.8173)
	ABSI					0.6598 (0.6382-0.6814)				0.6539 (0.6351-0.6727)
Özhan et al[18]	WHtR		0.62	48.4	73.8
Lin et al[19]	WHtR	0.80 (0.76-0.83)	0.469	70.1	76.9
	WHR	0.755 (0.714-0.795)
1Lee et al[15]	WC	0.847	101.5	93	80
Dai et al[20]	LAP					0.887 (0.882-0.892)	23	82	79	0.843 (0.837-0.849)	30.5	77	75

¹Data shown for white obese adolescents only. AUC: Area under ROC curve; Sens: Sensitivity; Spec: Specificity; WHtR: Waist-to-height ratio; WC: Waist circumference; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; BMI: Body mass index; LAP: Lipid accumulation product; BRI: Body roundness index; ABSI: Body shape index.