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Emara MH, Soliman H, Said EM, Elbatae H, Elazab M, Elhefnawy S, Zaher TI, Abdel-Razik A, Elnadry M. Intermittent fasting and the liver: Focus on the Ramadan model. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:1070-1083. [PMID: 39221099 PMCID: PMC11362902 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i8.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is an intervention that involves not only dietary modifications but also behavioral changes with the main core being a period of fasting alternating with a period of controlled feeding. The duration of fasting differs from one regimen to another. Ramadan fasting (RF) is a religious fasting for Muslims, it lasts for only one month every one lunar year. In this model of fasting, observers abstain from food and water for a period that extends from dawn to sunset. The period of daily fasting is variable (12-18 hours) as Ramadan rotates in all seasons of the year. Consequently, longer duration of daily fasting is observed during the summer. In fact, RF is a peculiar type of IF. It is a dry IF as no water is allowed during the fasting hours, also there are no calorie restrictions during feeding hours, and the mealtime is exclusively nighttime. These three variables of the RF model are believed to have a variable impact on different liver diseases. RF was evaluated by different observational and interventional studies among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and it was associated with improvements in anthropometric measures, metabolic profile, and liver biochemistry regardless of the calorie restriction among lean and obese patients. The situation is rather different for patients with liver cirrhosis. RF was associated with adverse events among patients with liver cirrhosis irrespective of the underlying etiology of cirrhosis. Cirrhotic patients developed new ascites, ascites were increased, had higher serum bilirubin levels after Ramadan, and frequently developed hepatic encephalopathy and acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. These complications were higher among patients with Child class B and C cirrhosis, and some fatalities occurred due to fasting. Liver transplant recipients as a special group of patients, are vulnerable to dehydration, fluctuation in blood immunosuppressive levels, likelihood of deterioration and hence observing RF without special precautions could represent a real danger for them. Patients with Gilbert syndrome can safely observe RF despite the minor elevations in serum bilirubin reported during the early days of fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Emara
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr-Elshikh 33516, Egypt
- Department of Medicine, Alyousif Hospital, Alkhobar 34622, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hanan Soliman
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta 31512, Egypt
| | - Ebada M Said
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Hassan Elbatae
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr-Elshikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Elazab
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr-Elshikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Shady Elhefnawy
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr-Elshikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Tarik I Zaher
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Razik
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elnadry
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
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Alasmari AA, Al-Khalifah AS, BaHammam AS, Alshiban NMS, Almnaizel AT, Alodah HS, Alhussain MH. Ramadan fasting model exerts hepatoprotective, anti-obesity, and anti-hyperlipidemic effects in an experimentally-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:53-62. [PMID: 38192177 PMCID: PMC10852143 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_204_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its metabolic effects present a serious public health concern. We hypothesized that the Ramadan fasting model (RFM), which involves fasting from dawn to dusk for a month, could provide potential therapeutic benefits and mitigate NAFLD. Accordingly, we aimed to validate this hypothesis using obese male rats. METHODS Rats were split into two groups (n = 24 per group), and they were given either a standard (S) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. During the last four weeks of the study period, both S- and HFD-fed rats were subdivided into eight groups to assess the effect of RFM with/without training (T) or glucose administration (G) on the lipid profile, liver enzymes, and liver structure (n = 6/group). RESULTS The HFD+RFM group exhibited a significantly lower final body weight than that in the HFDC group. Serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the HFD+RFM, HFD+RFM+T, and HFD+RFM+G groups than those in the HFDC group. Compared with the HFDC group, all groups had improved serum high-density lipoprotein levels. Furthermore, HFD groups subjected to RFM had reduced serum levels of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase compared with those of the HFD-fed group. Moreover, the liver histology improved in rats subjected to RFM compared with that of HFD-fed rats, which exhibited macro- and micro-fat droplet accumulation. CONCLUSION RFM can induce positive metabolic changes and improve alterations associated with NAFLD, including weight gain, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A. Alasmari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S. Al-Khalifah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. BaHammam
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura M. S. Alshiban
- Experimental Surgery and Animal Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad T. Almnaizel
- Experimental Surgery and Animal Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham S. Alodah
- Experimental Surgery and Animal Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha H. Alhussain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Emara MH, Soliman HH, Elnadry M, Mohamed Said E, Abd-Elsalam S, Elbatae HE, Zaher TI, Ezzeldin S Bazeed S, Abdel-Razik A, Youssef Mohamed S, Elfert A. Ramadan fasting and liver diseases: A review with practice advices and recommendations. Liver Int 2021; 41:436-448. [PMID: 33369880 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ramadan fasting is obligatory for Muslim healthy adults. However, there are many exemptions from fasting; including patients, whose diseases will be aggravated by fasting. Muslim patients with different liver diseases are frequently seen in the clinics discussing their intent to fast this month with their treating physicians. To answer our patients' inquiries about the expected benefits and/or risks of fasting and delivering them the best care, we carried out this review and we draw advices and recommendations based on the available evidence. A web-based search, combining multiple keywords representing different liver diseases with Ramadan fasting had been carried out. To answer the research question: Do adult Muslim patients with different liver diseases who fast the month of Ramadan have had a deleterious effect on their health in comparison to those who did not fast? Relevant publications were retrieved. No randomized controlled trials were focusing on Ramadan fasting and liver diseases in the filtered databases, eg Cochrane library. Consequently, non-filtered databases, eg PubMed, Google Scholar and Egyptian Knowledge Bank searched and full-text high-quality research articles were carefully analysed to draw recommendations. Other relevant publications with low quality of evidence like case studies and short communications were also reviewed to address practice advices. Although Ramadan fasting was found beneficial for patients with NAFLD, it was found deleterious to patients with Child B and C cirrhosis and patients with peptic ulcer. Patients with chronic hepatitis, Child A cirrhosis and those with non-complicated liver transplant can fast with prefasting assessment and strict follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Emara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and infectious diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shikh, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Soliman
- Faculty of Medicine, Tropical medicine and infectious diseases Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elnadry
- Faculty of Medicine, Hepato-gastroenterology and infectious diseases Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebada Mohamed Said
- Faculty of Medicine, Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Sherief Abd-Elsalam
- Faculty of Medicine, Tropical medicine and infectious diseases Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hassan E Elbatae
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and infectious diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shikh, Egypt
| | - Tarik I Zaher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shamardan Ezzeldin S Bazeed
- Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Razik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Salem Youssef Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Asem Elfert
- Faculty of Medicine, Tropical medicine and infectious diseases Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Hsu YT, Chen HJ, Yufika A, Zufry H. Dietary knowledge, preferences and behaviors in Ramadan among Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 170:108474. [PMID: 33002554 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the association between dietary knowledge, attitude, and practices during Ramadan among Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Recruited after Ramadan from public clinics and a hospital in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 401 outpatients recalled their food consumption frequencies of high-fiber food, deep-fried food, and high-sugar dessert, and relevant knowledge and attitudes. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to examine the research questions. RESULTS Vegetable consumption and preference were both high among the patients. However, only 4.5% knew that brown rice is rich in fiber, and 19% agreed that whole-grain foods were accessible. Deep-fried food consumption and its availability at home was common, even though the majority considered it should be avoided. Patients with a lower preference for deep-fried foods were less likely to consume deep-fried foods during Ramadan (OR = 0.239, 95% CI = 0.109-0.523, p = 0.001). Knowledge of the glycemic index's health implication was associated with more high-fiber foods consumption (OR = 2.733, 95% CI = 1.179-6.332, p = 0.019). Yet, knowing the potential risk of added sugar on blood glucose level was associated with high-sugar dessert consumption (OR = 2.997, 95% CI = 1.482-6.060, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION The patients' low consumption of whole-grain food and common comsumption of deep-fried food during Ramadan would be the first priority to be improved. Along with dietary knowledge and attitude, food environment could be an important factor that influences patients' dietary behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tien Hsu
- International Health Program, Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jen Chen
- International Health Program, Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.
| | - Amanda Yufika
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Zufry
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, School of Medicine Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Teaching Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Farag HAM, Baqi HR, Qadir SA, El Bilbeisi AH, Hamafarj KK, Taleb M, El Afifi A. Effects of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and lipid profile among hypertensive patients in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120965780. [PMID: 33294186 PMCID: PMC7705764 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120965780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was employed to assess the effects of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and lipid profile among hypertensive patients. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted among a representative sample, which was selected using a census survey of hypertensive patients (both gender, aged 25-50 years, on regular antihypertensive drugs (atenolol: 50 mg orally once a day)), during Ramadan month that was falling in April to May 2020. The patients were receiving care at Halabja hospital in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. All patients were assessed in two phase's baseline (a week before Ramadan) and end stage (a week after Ramadan), using anthropometric indices, physical examination, biochemical tests, and a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. Results A total of 120 hypertensive patients were included in the study (50% females and 50% males), with a mean age of 37.5 ± 6.6 years. The major finding of our study was the significant decrease in blood pressure (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference of the participants decreased after Ramadan fasting in a significant approach (P < 0.001 for all). However, for the lipid profile components, the total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol change persisted not statistically significant (P > 0.05), while only triglyceride decreased drastically after Ramadan fasting (P < 0.001). Conclusion Ramadan fasting could contribute in the improvement of blood pressure and lowers triglyceride levels, body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference of adult hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halgord Ali M Farag
- Nursing Department, Technical College of Health, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Hardi Rafat Baqi
- Medical Laboratory Science, Technical College of Applied Sciences, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Syamand Ahmed Qadir
- Medical Laboratory Science, Technical College of Applied Sciences, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Abdel Hamid El Bilbeisi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | - Kawa Khwarahm Hamafarj
- Nursing Department, Technical College of Health, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Mahmoud Taleb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | - Amany El Afifi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
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Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding during Ramadan on Dietary Intake, Body Composition and Metabolic Outcomes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082478. [PMID: 32824528 PMCID: PMC7468808 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramadan fasting is a form of time-restricted feeding which combines a fast and feast period daily for a duration of one month every year. During Ramadan, Muslims abstain from food and drink consumption from dawn till sunset and this change in the meal schedule and frequency results in significant changes to the composition of the diet, such as energy and nutrient intake. These changes in dietary habits and their corresponding effects on cardiometabolic disease risk are compiled in this review. Ramadan fasting shows limited benefits to body composition via reductions in body mass in both healthy and obese individuals, although the results are often found to be transient and heterogeneous. There is, however, a more consistent improvement in blood lipid profile during Ramadan fasting, which often lasts beyond the Ramadan period. The results for glucose homeostasis, on the contrary, are more conflicting and inconclusive. The heterogeneity in the findings from the various studies can be generally attributed to cultural variations in dietary habits, differences in the duration of fasting due to seasonal/climatic differences at various geographical locations, age, gender and socioeconomic status, as well as other health and lifestyle factors of the various study populations.
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Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Gaeini Z, Moslehi N, Azizi F. Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on lipid and lipoprotein parameters: An updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:906-915. [PMID: 31377182 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify several aspects of intermittent fasting during the month of Ramadan on lipid and lipoprotein levels in apparently healthy subjects. DATA SYNTHESIS We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases and the reference lists of previous reviews, up to Feb 2019 for studies that investigated the effects of Ramadan fasting on fasting levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C among healthy subjects including pregnant women and athletic subjects. Studies were selected for quality assessment, meta-analyses, subgroup analyses, and meta-regressions; data of 33 eligible studies, conducted between 1978 and 2019, were included in the analysis. RESULTS Intermittent fasting showed no significant effect on circulating TG (WMD = -0.38 mg/dl, 95% CI = -5.33, 4.57), TC (WMD = -1.58 mg/dl, 95% CI = -6.04, 2.88), and LDL-C levels (WMD = 1.85 mg/dl, 95% CI = 0.77, 2.92). Overall, HDL-C (WMD = -2.97 mg/dl; 95% CI = -6.43, 0.48 mg/dl) and VLDL-C (WMD = -1.41 mg/dl; 95% CI = -2.73, -0.10 mg/dl) significantly decreased after Ramadan fasting. A significant increase in LDL-C levels was observed in athletic subjects (WMD = 2.97 mg/dl; 95% CI = 0.80, 5.13) and apparently healthy subjects (WMD = 1.81 mg/dl; 95% CI = 0.55, 3.07). Change in TG levels was associated with age (β = -0.94, P = 0.043), its baseline values (β = -0.44, P = 0.001), and weight change during the fasting period (β = -0.57, P = 0.032). CONCLUSION Ramadan fasting may be accompanied by a moderate improvement of lipid and lipoprotein parameters, especially HDL-C levels; fasting appears to be more beneficial for men and athletic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Gaeini
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Moslehi
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Clawson RC, dela Cruz LN, Allen S, Wolgemuth T, Maner A, Dorsett A, I'Anson H. Continuous access to snacks from weaning onwards in female rats causes weight gain, insulin insensitivity, and sustained leptin resistance in adulthood. Physiol Behav 2019; 201:165-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Prasetya G, Sapwarobol S. Intermittent Fasting During Ramadan Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Anthropometric Parameters in Healthy Young Muslim Men. Am J Lifestyle Med 2018; 15:200-206. [PMID: 33786036 DOI: 10.1177/1559827618815430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to determine the effect of fasting during Ramadan on the metabolic profile, anthropometry, and serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Anthropometry and blood samples were examined at 2 phases: baseline (within 3 days of the start of the Ramadan fast) and end-line (in the last 3 days before the end of the Ramadan fast) in 27 healthy Muslim male participants who completed Ramadan fasting. Results demonstrate reductions in body weight (P < .001), body mass index (P < .001), fat mass (P = .003), muscle mass (P = .004), and waist circumference (P < .001) following reductions in energy intake (P = .003). Insulin sensitivity was improved. Serum insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance decreased significantly (P = .005 and P = .009). No significant change in fasting plasma glucose was observed. Correlation coefficients showed a significant correlation between the percentage changes in body weight and percentage changes in serum leptin concentration (r = 0.412; P = .037). These results demonstrate that intermittent fasting during Ramadan leads to beneficial effects by improving insulin sensitivity. It also resulted in a beneficial effect on weight and fat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntari Prasetya
- Food and Nutrition Program (GP), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (SS), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwimol Sapwarobol
- Food and Nutrition Program (GP), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (SS), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Santos HO, Macedo RC. Impact of intermittent fasting on the lipid profile: Assessment associated with diet and weight loss. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 24:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mayeuf-Louchart A, Zecchin M, Staels B, Duez H. Circadian control of metabolism and pathological consequences of clock perturbations. Biochimie 2017; 143:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Impact of Time-Restricted Feeding and Dawn-to-Sunset Fasting on Circadian Rhythm, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:3932491. [PMID: 29348746 PMCID: PMC5733887 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3932491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity now affects millions of people and places them at risk of developing metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and even hepatocellular carcinoma. This rapidly emerging epidemic has led to a search for cost-effective methods to prevent the metabolic syndrome and NAFLD as well as the progression of NAFLD to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In murine models, time-restricted feeding resets the hepatic circadian clock and enhances transcription of key metabolic regulators of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Studies of the effect of dawn-to-sunset Ramadan fasting, which is akin to time-restricted feeding model, have also identified significant improvement in body mass index, serum lipid profiles, and oxidative stress parameters. Based on the findings of studies conducted on human subjects, dawn-to-sunset fasting has the potential to be a cost-effective intervention for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD.
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Koufakis T, Karras SΝ, Antonopoulou V, Angeloudi E, Zebekakis P, Kotsa K. Effects of Orthodox religious fasting on human health: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56:2439-2455. [PMID: 28856433 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different studies have pointed towards a positive effect of religious fasting on human health. Orthodox fasting (OF) regime could be characterized as a periodical vegetarian diet, demonstrating several common characteristics with the typical Mediterranean diet. The present systematic review aimed to synthesize available results regarding the potential impact of OF on human health. METHODS Key biomedical databases were searched to identify studies examining the effects of OF on humans. Following implementation of specific criteria, ten studies were included in the analysis and their results were systematically reported and critically appraised in this review. RESULTS According to the available limited results, OF periods are characterized by a restriction in total energy and fat intake, an increase in carbohydrate and fiber consumption, while in terms of protein intake, results are contradictive. The overall effect of OF on lipids profile seems to be optimal, with the reduction of total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, being a consistent finding across studies (up to 17.8 and 31.4%, respectively). However, the effect on HDL-C is still unclear. Conclusions regarding the impact on body weight and glucose homeostasis cannot be drawn, given that relevant data are limited with conflicting results. Any potential negative aspects of OF, mainly attributed to reduced dietary intake of vitamin D and B12 and minerals (mainly calcium), require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Given the limitations of available evidence, more studies are required before reaching definite conclusions about the effects of OF on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon Ν Karras
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Antonopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Angeloudi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Hutchison AT, Wittert GA, Heilbronn LK. Matching Meals to Body Clocks-Impact on Weight and Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030222. [PMID: 28257081 PMCID: PMC5372885 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to rise worldwide and is reaching pandemic proportions. The notion that this is due to obesity, resulting from excessive energy consumption and reduced physical activity, is overly simplistic. Circadian de-synchrony, which occurs when physiological processes are at odds with timing imposed by internal clocks, also promotes obesity and impairs glucose tolerance in mouse models, and is a feature of modern human lifestyles. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is known about glucose metabolism in animal and human models of circadian de-synchrony and examine the evidence as to whether shifts in meal timing contribute to impairments in glucose metabolism, gut hormone secretion and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Lastly, we examine whether restricting food intake to discrete time periods, will prevent or reverse abnormalities in glucose metabolism with the view to improving metabolic health in shift workers and in those more generally at risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Hutchison
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Gary A Wittert
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Leonie K Heilbronn
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia.
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Liu JB, Cai X, Xiong H, Zhang HF. Effects of feeding frequency on meat quality traits and Longissimus muscle proteome in finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 101:1175-1184. [PMID: 28063249 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-four barrows with an initial body weight of 59.8 ± 2.1 kg were allocated to one of the two feeding frequency regimes (had free access to diet and fed two meals per day). Pigs had free access (FA) to feed were fed on an ad libitum basis during the 8-week experimental period. Pigs fed twice daily (M2) were allowed to consume their meals in 2 h. Pigs fed twice daily had lower average daily feed intake (p < 0.01) and average daily gain (p < 0.1), but a greater G:F (p < 0.05) than FA pigs. Lower perirenal fat deposition, hot carcass weight, intramuscular fat content (p < 0.05) and dressing percentage (p < 0.1) were found in M2 pigs compared with FA pigs. Activities of citrate synthase, β-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were greater in the Longissimus muscle (LM) of M2 pigs compared with FA pigs (p < 0.05). Proteomic analysis revealed that expression abundances of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, energy production and lipid utilization were upregulated, but expression levels of proteins participating in protein and amino acid metabolism, stress response and redox homeostasis were downregulated in the LM of M2 pigs than those in FA pigs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the less meal frequency impairs growth rate, has marginal effects on carcass and meat quality traits and affects expression abundances of proteins in the LM of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X Cai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - H Xiong
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - H F Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK. Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter? Biochimie 2016; 124:187-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Rothschild J, Hoddy KK, Jambazian P, Varady KA. Time-restricted feeding and risk of metabolic disease: a review of human and animal studies. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:308-18. [PMID: 24739093 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF), a key component of intermittent fasting regimens, has gained considerable attention in recent years. TRF allows ad libitum energy intake within controlled time frames, generally a 3-12 hour range each day. The impact of various TRF regimens on indicators of metabolic disease risk has yet to be investigated. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to summarize the current literature on the effects of TRF on body weight and markers of metabolic disease risk (i.e., lipid, glucoregulatory, and inflammatory factors) in animals and humans. Results from animal studies show TRF to be associated with reductions in body weight, total cholesterol, and concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, insulin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α as well as with improvements in insulin sensitivity. Human data support the findings of animal studies and demonstrate decreased body weight (though not consistently), lower concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These preliminary findings show promise for the use of TRF in modulating a variety of metabolic disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Rothschild
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Sadek KM, Saleh EA. Fasting ameliorates metabolism, immunity, and oxidative stress in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:1277-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114527629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Fasting has been recently discovered to improve overall health, but its beneficial effects in the presence of hepatic insufficiency have not been proven. Aim: The influence of fasting on the metabolism, immunological aspects, and oxidative stress of 40 male carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-intoxicated Wistar rats was investigated in the present study. Methods: The rats were divided into four groups, including a placebo group, CCl4-intoxicated rats, which were injected subcutaneously with 1.0 ml/kg of CCl4 solution, a fasting group, which was fasted 12 h/day for 30 days, and a fourth group, which was injected with CCl4 and fasted. Results: The metabolism, immunity, and oxidative stress improved in CCl4-intoxicated rats fasted for 12 h/day for 30 days, as evidenced in significant increase ( p < 0.05) in total protein, globulin, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG levels, and total antioxidant capacity. In contrast, significant decrease ( p < 0.05) in blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, and malondialdehyde levels were observed. Compared with CCl4-intoxicated rats, significant differences in the albumin, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, cardiovascular risk factor, calcium and magnesium levels were not detected. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that fasting improved metabolism, immunity, and oxidative stress in CCl4-intoxicated rats. Thus, fasting during Ramadan is safe for patients with hepatic disorders, as the prophet Mohammed (S) said “Keep the fast, keep your health”.
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Affiliation(s)
- KM Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Egypt
| | - EA Saleh
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Egypt
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Bharmal N, Kaplan RM, Shapiro MF, Kagawa-Singer M, Wong MD, Mangione CM, Divan H, McCarthy WJ. The association of religiosity with overweight/obese body mass index among Asian Indian immigrants in California. Prev Med 2013; 57:315-21. [PMID: 23769898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association between religiosity and overweight or obese body mass index among a multi-religious group of Asian Indian immigrants residing in California. METHODS We examined cross-sectional survey data obtained from in-language telephone interviews with 3228 mostly immigrant Asian Indians in the 2004 California Asian Indian Tobacco Survey using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS High self-identified religiosity was significantly associated with higher BMI after adjusting for socio-demographic and acculturation measures. Highly religious Asian Indians had 1.53 greater odds (95% CI: 1.18, 2.00) of being overweight or obese than low religiosity immigrants, though this varied by religious affiliation. Religiosity was associated with greater odds of being overweight/obese for Hindus (OR 1.54; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.22) and Sikhs (OR 1.88; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.30), but not for Muslims (OR 0.69; 95% CI: 0.28, 1.70). CONCLUSIONS Religiosity in Hindus and Sikhs, but not immigrant Muslims, appears to be independently associated with greater body mass index among Asian Indians. If this finding is confirmed, future research should identify potentially mutable mechanisms by which religion-specific religiosity affects overweight/obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazleen Bharmal
- Department of Medicine, General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Develioglu ON, Kucur M, Ipek HD, Celebi S, Can G, Kulekci M. Effects of Ramadan fasting on serum immunoglobulin G and M, and salivary immunoglobulin A concentrations. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:463-72. [PMID: 23569012 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513476424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Ramadan fasting on serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM, and salivary IgA concentrations. METHODS Blood and saliva samples were collected one week before and during the last week of Ramadan from healthy male volunteers. Albumin, total lymphocyte count, electrolytes, and IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in serum; salivary IgA concentrations were measured. Anthropometric measurements were also recorded. RESULTS Samples were collected from 35 subjects (mean age 35.86 years, range 20-59 years). Weight, body mass index, albumin levels and the nutritional risk index decreased significantly during Ramadan fasting compared with before fasting. In addition, Na(+) and Cl(-) electrolyte levels were significantly decreased during Ramadan. Serum IgG concentrations decreased significantly during Ramadan compared with before fasting, but were still within the normal range. Salivary IgA concentrations also decreased significantly, whereas serum IgM levels did not change. Lymphocyte numbers increased significantly, but there was no correlation between Ig levels and lymphocyte count. CONCLUSION Ramadan fasting did not result in severe immunological disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Necati Develioglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Favorable changes in lipid profile: the effects of fasting after Ramadan. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47615. [PMID: 23112824 PMCID: PMC3480413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We assessed the effect of fasting during Ramadan on blood pressure (BP), body weight, plasma lipid, and lipoprotein variables among healthy normal individuals. Methods 102 (68% male) multi-ethnic volunteers; mean age ± SD (38.7±10.5 years) were randomly recruited in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE), to be investigated before Ramadan, one day after the end of Ramadan, and four weeks after Ramadan. Anthropometric, demographic, fasting plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by standard methods, and Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using Friedewald’s formula. Results 65 subjects completed the study. We found significant and beneficial changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), body weight, waist circumference (WC), TG, HDL-C and LDL-C, at the end of Ramadan, but not in TC. Further, there was a progressive and significant increase and decrease in HDL-C and LDL-C levels, respectively, four weeks after Ramadan. Conclusions We observed significant improvements in HDL-C, and LDL-C levels even after four weeks post Ramadan. Ramadan-like fasting may be considered for more effective lipid and lipoprotein control.
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Khafaji HARH, Bener A, Osman M, Al Merri A, Al Suwaidi J. The impact of diurnal fasting during Ramadan on the lipid profile, hs-CRP, and serum leptin in stable cardiac patients. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2011; 8:7-14. [PMID: 22272070 PMCID: PMC3262481 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s22894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of strict prolonged fasting on lipid profile, serum leptin, and high- sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with different stable cardiac illnesses and look for associated new cardiac events and any correlation between entire variables. METHODS A total of 56 patients of different stable cardiac illnesses were followed in our cardiology outpatient for 3 months. Data concerning their ability to fast were collected: New York Heart Association class of congestive cardiac failure, angina class, previous myocardial infarction, previous coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous coronary intervention, severity of valvular lesion, metallic prosthetic valve, and traditional risk factors (diabetes mellitus, insulin requirement, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking habit, and obesity). Detailed clinical examination and electrocardiography were performed in all patients in three consecutive visits before, during, and after Ramadan. Echocardiographic and angiographic findings and medication plans were collected from patient records. Lipid profile, serum leptin, and hs-CRP were assessed before, during, and after Ramadan. RESULTS All patients fasted during Ramadan: 80.4% were male, 67.9% were aged >50 years, 71.4% had no change in their symptoms during fasting while 28.6% felt better. No patient has deteriorated. 91.1% of the patients were compliant with medicine during Ramadan, 73.2% after. 89.3% were compliant with diet during Ramadan with no significant change in body weight in the follow-up period. No cardiac or noncardiac morbidity or mortality was reported. High- density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased significantly during compared to before fasting (P = 0.012). Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) significantly increased during compared to before fasting (P = 0.022). No statistically significant changes were observed in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), serum leptin, or hs-CRP. Significant correlation was observed between TC and hs-CRP during fasting (P = 0.036), but not with TG, LDL-C, or HDL-C (P > 0.05). Neither of these correlated with serum leptin (P > 0.05), but significant correlation was observed between hs-CRP and serum leptin (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Ramadan fasting in stable cardiac patients has no effect on their clinical status, serum leptin, or hs-CRP, but results in decrease in HDL-C, increase in LDL-C, with significant correlation between TC and hs-CRP during Ramadan, but not with TG, LDL-C, or HDL-C, and with significant correlation between hs-CRP and serum leptin before, during, and after fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Abdul Ridha Hadi Khafaji
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
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Lazarou C, Matalas AL. A critical review of current evidence, perspectives and research implications of diet-related traditions of the Eastern Christian Orthodox Church on dietary intakes and health consequences. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 61:739-58. [DOI: 10.3109/09637481003769782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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M'guil M, Ragala M, El Guessabi L, Fellat S, Chraibi A, Chebraoui L, Israili Z, Lyoussi B. Is Ramadan Fasting Safe in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in View of the Lack of Significant Effect of Fasting on Clinical and Biochemical Parameters, Blood Pressure, and Glycemic Control? Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 30:339-57. [DOI: 10.1080/10641960802272442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mansi K, . MA. Impact of Ramadan Fasting on Metabolism and on Serum Levels of Some Hormones among Healthy Jordanian Students. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2007.755.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sabaté
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA.
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Sarri KO, Linardakis MK, Bervanaki FN, Tzanakis NE, Kafatos AG. Greek Orthodox fasting rituals: a hidden characteristic of the Mediterranean diet of Crete. Br J Nutr 2004; 92:277-84. [PMID: 15333159 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The longevity and excellent health status of the population of Crete has been attributed to its lifestyle and dietary habits. The impact of Greek Orthodox Christian Church fasting on these dietary habits has never been studied. One hundred and twenty Greek Orthodox Christians living in Crete participated in a 1-year prospective study. One half of the subjects, who fasted regularly (fasters), and sixty non-faster controls were followed longitudinally for the three main fasting periods over 1 year; Christmas (40 d), Lent (48 d) and the Assumption (15 d). Pre- and end-holy days measurements were performed in each fasting period including: 24 h dietary recall, blood collection and anthropometric measurements. Based on the 24 h recall, fasters as compared with controls had lower intakes of end-holy days dietary cholesterol, total fat, saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids and protein (P < 0.001). Fasters presented a decrease of 753 kJ (180 kcal) in end-holy days energy intake (P < 0.05) compared with an increase of 573 kJ (137 kcal) in the controls (P < 0.05). Fasters had a decrease in end-holy days Ca intake (P < 0.001) and an increase in end-holy days total dietary fibre (P < 0.001) and folate (P < 0.05), attributed to their higher consumption of fruit and vegetables in end-holy periods (P < 0.001). There were no differences for other vitamins or minerals between pre- and end-holy periods in both groups except for vitamin B2. The Orthodox Christian dietary regulations are an important component of the Mediterranean diet of Crete characterised by low levels of dietary saturated fatty acids, high levels of fibre and folate, and a high consumption of fruit, vegetables and legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina O Sarri
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, School of Medicine, PO Box 2208, Iraklion 71003, Greece.
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Argani H, Mozaffari S, Rahnama B, Rahbani M, Rejaie M, Ghafari A. Evaluation of biochemical and immunologic changes in renal transplant recipients during Ramadan fasting. Transplant Proc 2004; 35:2725-6. [PMID: 14612093 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2003.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Argani
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Emam Hospital, Tabriz Medical University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Hursting SD, Lavigne JA, Berrigan D, Perkins SN, Barrett JC. Calorie restriction, aging, and cancer prevention: mechanisms of action and applicability to humans. Annu Rev Med 2003; 54:131-52. [PMID: 12525670 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is the most effective and reproducible intervention for increasing lifespan in a variety of animal species, including mammals. CR is also the most potent, broadly acting cancer-prevention regimen in experimental carcinogenesis models. Translation of the knowledge gained from CR research to human chronic disease prevention and the promotion of healthy aging is critical, especially because obesity, which is an important risk factor for several chronic diseases, including many cancers, is alarmingly increasing in the Western world. This review synthesizes the key biological mechanisms underlying many of the beneficial effects of CR, with a particular focus on the insulin-like growth factor-1 pathway. We also describe some of the opportunities now available for investigations, including gene expression profiling studies, the development of pharmacological mimetics of CR, and the integration of CR regimens with targeted, mechanism-based interventions. These approaches will facilitate the translation of CR research into strategies for effective human chronic disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Hursting
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Cancer, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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31
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Sarri KO, Tzanakis NE, Linardakis MK, Mamalakis GD, Kafatos AG. Effects of Greek Orthodox Christian Church fasting on serum lipids and obesity. BMC Public Health 2003; 3:16. [PMID: 12753698 PMCID: PMC156653 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2002] [Accepted: 05/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No study to date has focused on the impact of Greek Orthodox Christian fasting on serum lipoproteins and obesity yet. METHODS 120 Greek adults were followed longitudinally for one year. Sixty fasted regularly in all fasting periods (fasters) and 60 did not fast at all (controls). The three major fasting periods under study were: Christmas (40 days), Lent (48 days) and Assumption (August, 15 days). A total of 6 measurements were made during one year including pre- and end-fasting blood collection, serum lipoprotein analyses and anthropometric measurements. RESULTS Statistically significant end-fasting total and LDL cholesterol differences were found in fasters. Fasters compared to controls presented 12.5% lower end-total cholesterol (p < 0.001), 15.9% lower end-LDL cholesterol (p < 0.001) and 1.5% lower end-BMI (p < 0.001). The end- LDL/HDL ratio was lower in fasters (6.5%, p < 0.05) while the change in end- HDL cholesterol in fasters (4.6% decline) was not significant. Similar results were found when the pre- and end-fasting values of fasters were compared. No change was found in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to Greek Orthodox fasting periods contributes to a reduction in the blood lipid profile including a non-significant reduction in HDL cholesterol and possible impact on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina O Sarri
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O Box 1393, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Tzanakis
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O Box 1393, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis K Linardakis
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O Box 1393, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - George D Mamalakis
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O Box 1393, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Anthony G Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O Box 1393, Iraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
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Fakhrzadeh H, Larijani B, Sanjari M, Baradar-Jalili R, Amini MR. Effect of Ramadan fasting on clinical and biochemical parameters in healthy adults. Ann Saudi Med 2003; 23:223-6. [PMID: 16985327 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2003.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Fakhrzadeh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Qujeq D, Bijani K, Kalavi K, Mohiti J, Aliakbarpour H. Effects of Ramadan fasting on serum low-density and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. Ann Saudi Med 2002; 22:297-9. [PMID: 17146246 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2002.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine the status of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in human subjects during Ramadan fasting. Fasting during Ramadan (one month of food and water intake restricted only to night hours) is a religious obligation for Muslims. There are biochemical effects of changes in lifestyle during Ramadan. This report is a study of the effects of Ramadan fasting on the serum LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 83 volunteers comprising 57 males (aged 21-55, mean 34.25+/-9.81 years) and 26 females (aged 20-58, mean 34.58+/-8.94 years). A regimen of one month of food and water intake restricted only to night hours was followed by the subjects. Subjects were evaluated one week before Ramadan fasting (pre-RF), two weeks after the start of Ramadan fasting (mid-RF), and at the fourth week of Ramadan fasting (end-RF). Serum specimens were obtained from subjects during daylight hours. Measurement of LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were performed using a spectrophotometer. RESULTS Our results showed statistically significant reduction of the LDL-cholesterol concentrations in midRamadan and end of Ramadan compared to concentration levels before Ramadan. Also, the results showed statistically significant elevation in the HDL-cholesterol concentrations in mid-Ramadan and end of Ramadan compared to levels before Ramadan. CONCLUSION The findings suggest the potential usefulness of Ramadan fasting in the restriction of fat intake which is associated with further lowering of serum cholesterol. These findings should influence future studies on hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durdi Qujeq
- Faculties of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoun Azizi
- Department of Medicine and the Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Behesti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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