Stem cell-derived exosomes as a therapeutic tool for cardiovascular disease

Table 1 Effects of exosome administration on cardiovascular disease models

Origin of exosomes	Experimental model	Findings	Ref.
Human ESC-derived MSCs	AMI	Reduction in infarct size Recovery of cardiac function Decreased oxidative stress Activation of Akt and GSK3 Inhibition of c-JNK	Lai et al[52,53]
Human MSCs	AMI	Reduction in infarct size Recovery of cardiac function Increased angiogenesis	Bian et al[54]
Mouse MSCs	AMI	Exosomes were enriched in miR-22 miR22 was implicated in the anti-apoptotic effect of exosomes	Feng et al[55]
Rat MSCs overexpressing GATA-4	AMI	Reduction in infarct size Recovery of cardiac function Exosomes were enriched in miR-19a	Yu et al[56]
Rat MSCs	Stroke	Recovery of neurological function Stimulation of neurogenesis and angiogenesis	Xin et al[57]
Rat MSCs overexpressing miR-133b and those whose expression of miR-133b was knocked down	Stroke	Recovery of neurological function was mediated by miR-133b expressed in exosomes	Xin et al[58]
Mouse MSCs	Pulmonary hypertension	Reduction in the progression of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy	Lee et al[59]
Mouse CPCs	AMI	Suppression of apoptosis	Chen et al[60]
Human CPCs	AMI	Recovery of cardiac function Suppression of apoptosis Stimulation of angiogenesis	Barile et al[61]
Human CPCs	AMI	Recovery of cardiac function Suppression of apoptosis Stimulation of angiogenesis miR-146a was enriched in exosomes and partially mediated their function	Ibrahim et al[62]
Mouse ESCs	AMI	Recovery of cardiac function Stimulation of angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte survival Stimulation of the survival and proliferation of CPCs miR-294 was enriched in exosomes and miR-294 promoted the survival and proliferation of CPCs	Khan et al[63]
Human CD34+ cells	Matrigel plug assay Corneal angiogenesis assay	Promotion of angiogenesis	Sahoo et al[64]
Human CD34+ cells expressing SHH	AMI	Recovery of cardiac function SHH was enriched in exosomes and transferred to recipient cells	Mackie et al[66]

ESC: Embryonic stem cell; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; CPCs: Cardiac progenitor cells; SHH: Sonic hedgehog; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; c-JNK: c-jun N-terminal kinase.