Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Stem Cells. Mar 26, 2015; 7(2): 418-427
Published online Mar 26, 2015. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.418
Table 1 Markers used to identify stem cells and cancer stem cells
MarkerCancer originMarker propertiesRef.
ALDH1BreastCatalyzes the oxidation of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes[81]
Converts retinol to retinoic acid
AdSC
ABC135MelanomasATP binding cassette family[82]
Involved in transport of sterol and other lipids
Bmi-1Breast, prostate, leukemias, neuroblastomasHSC, NSC, and AdSC marker[83,84]
CD20Metastatic melanomasHematopoietic marker[85]
CD29Breast, colonAdSC marker[86,87]
CD34Leukemias, sarcomasHSC, MSC marker[88-91]
CD44Breast, pancreas, colon, head and neck, prostateAdhesion molecule related to metastasis[91-96]
HSC and pluripotent stem cell marker
Normal prostate epithelial stem cell marker
CD49fProstateAdhesion to extracellular matrix[97]
CD90Liver, breast, glioblastomasGlycoprotein, role in stem cell differentiation[98-100]
MSC marker
CD113Lung, pancreas, colon, glioblastoma, melanomas, etc.HSC, NSC AdSC (colon) marker[16-18,101-104]
CD117Breast, ovarian, lung, glioblastomaProgenitor cell marker[105,106]
Oct4Many carcinomasEmbryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell marker[107,108]
Sca-1LungSkin epithelial stem cell and HSC marker[109]
Table 2 Mitochondrial features of cancer stem cells according to cancer origin
Cancer originMitochondria features
Energy metabolism of CSCTarget/drug for CSCsRef.
FeatureCSCNon-CSC
BreastGlucose uptakeHighLowOXPHOS[68]
ATP contentsHighLow
OCRHighLow
Lactate productionLowHigh
Membrane potentialHighLow
GliomaGlucose consumptionLowHighOXPHOS[66]
ATP contentsHighLow
Lactate productionLowHigh
OCRHighLowOXPHOSIMP-2[67]
ATP contentsHighLow
LeukemiaROSLowHighLow glycolysisBcl-2/[63]
Proliferation rateSlowFastLow OXPHOSABT263
OCRLowHigh
Lactate productionLowHigh
ATP contentsLowHigh
LungGlucose consumptionLowHigh[62]
OCRLowHigh
ROS levelLowHigh
ATP contentsLowHigh
Membrane potentialHighLow
Mitochondrial DNALowHigh
OvarianNV-128[65]
ROSHighLowOXPHOS[64]
Membrane potentialHighLow
ATP contentsHighLow
Glucose deprivationResistSensitive