“Ins” and “Outs” of mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis in regenerative medicine

Table 1 Reviews of mesenchymal stem cell use in human orthopaedic conditions

Ref.	Reviewed Orthopaedic conditions treated	MSC source	Additional repair components
Shenaq et al[139], Stem Cell Int, 2010	Osteonecrosis humerus, femoral heal; Fracture non-union; Cartilage defect; Osteogenesis imperfecta; Critical size defect limbs; Calvarial defect	Autologous or allogeneic bone marrow; Fetal liver; Adipose	Ceramic scaffolds; Collagen gels
Rastegar et al[140], World J Stem Cells, 2010	Critical size defect in long bones; Articular cartilage of knee; Osteogenesis imperfecta; Hypophosphatasia	Autologous bone marrow; Allogeneic bone marrow; Fetal liver
Zhang et al[141], Biomaterials, 2012	Segmental bone defects of limbs; Distraction osteogenesis; Tibial osteotomy; Posterior spinal fusion; Maxilla defects; Sinus augmentation; Osteogenesis imperfecta; Articular cartilage repair; Osteoarthritis	Autologous bone marrow; Allogeneic bone marrow; Fetal liver	Hydroxyapatite scaffolds; autologous platelet rich plasma, allogeneic bone chips or bone grafts; β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds
Veronesi et al[143], Stem Cell Dev, 2013	Osteoarthritis of knee, hip, elbow, ankle; medial femoral condyle, patellar, patella-femoral joint lesions; osteochondral lesions talar dome and femoral condyle	Autologous bone marrow	Hyaluronate; collagen type 1 sheet; platelet rich plasma; periosteal patch; collagen powder
Kim et al[142], Korean J Int Med, 2013	Osteogenesis imperfecta; Cartilage defects	Allogeneic bone marrow, fetal liver

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.

Table 2 Clinical trials and case reports using mesenchymal stem cells in human orthopaedic conditions

Orthopaedic condition	MSC source	Technique	Patients/controls	Study length	Outcome	Ref.
Osteoarthritis-Knee	Adipose	Autologous MSCs with platelet rich plasma	25/25 retrospective controls	12 mo	Study group significantly higher degrees of improvement from pre-treatment levels in pain and activity	[144]
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration	Bone marrow	MSC injection into nucleus pulposus	10/self-controls - pre- and post procedure	12 mo	Pain, disability, quality of life, disc water content improved	[145]
Maxillary Reconstruction	Adipose	Vascular flap with ADCs, β-tricalcium phosphate, BMP-2	1 case	12 mo	Regeneration of normal bone	[146]
Mandibular Reconstruction	Bone marrow	BMP-2, collagen sponges + bone marrow MSCs + allogeneic bone chips	5 cases	22 mo	Bone regeneration in 2/4 cases using MSCs; failure overall in 2 of 5 cases	[147]

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein.