Mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Potential roles in rheumatic diseases

Table 1 Classification and characteristics of extracellular vesicles

	Exosomes	Microparticles	Apoptotic bodies
Size (diameter)	30-120 nm	100-1000 nm	1000-5000 nm
Mode of biogenesis	Originate from multivesicular bodies and released via exocytosis	Formed directly by the cell membrane outwards in the form of buds	Released from fragmented apoptotic cells
Content	Proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and miRNAs	Proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and miRNAs	DNA fragments
Molecular markers	Tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, and CD81), heat-shock proteins (Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90), alix, clathrin, tumor susceptibility gene 101	CD40, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, ceramide	Annexin V, phosphatidylserine
Ref.	Keshtkar et al[115], Kanada et al[139]	Biancone et al[140], György et al[141]	Maumus et al[10], Kalra et al[104]