Gut commensal bacteria, Paneth cells and their relations to radiation enteropathy

Table 1 Summary of the factors regulating Paneth cell degranulation

Sort	Object	Pathway	Effect
Cytokines	IFN-γ	IFN-γ-dependent manner[75]	Impairment of the survival of Paneth cells[76]
	TNF-α	TNF-α-dependent manner	Paneth cell degranulation[78]
	IL-13	STAT6 and PI3K/Akt	Upregulation of the expressions of lysozyme and MMP7[77]
	IL-4	Antagonizing the development process[47]	Enhancing the effect of iNKT cells[79]
TLR	TLR3 / 9	TLR9 and TLR3 dependent manner	Paneth cell degranulation[78]
	TLR4 / 5	TNF-α-dependent manner	Paneth cell degranulation[78]
CD1d	iNKT cells	CD1d-dependent	Reducing the crypt lysozyme[80]
			Mediating the protection against bacterial infections[80]
Cholinergic	Pilocarpine and E. coli	CD1d-dependent	Crypt lysozyme intensities[80]

IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-13: Interleukin-13; STAT6: Signal transducers and activators of transcription 6; PI3K/Akt: Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B; MMP7: Matrix metalloproteinase 7; IL-4: Interleukin-4; iNKT: Invariant nature killer T cell; TLR: Toll-like receptor; E. coli: Escherichia coli.