Mesenchymal stem cells from different sources and their derived exosomes: A pre-clinical perspective

Table 1 Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

	In vitro study	In vivo study (animal model / clinical use)	Results	Ref.
Liver disease	+	Liver injury model (Rat)	Improves liver regeneration and recovery	Damania et al[23], 2018
Liver disease	+	Liver fibrosis model (Rat)	Reduces liver fibrosis	Rong et al[24], 2019
Intervertebral disc degeneration	-	Tail model (Rat)	Prevents disc degeneration progression	Liao et al[25], 2019
Intervertebral disc degeneration	+	IDD model (Rabbit)	Prevents the progression of degeneration via anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects	Xia et al[26], 2019
Cancer	+	Xenografted with glioblastoma cells (Nude mice)	Improves glioblastoma	Wang et al[27], 2019
Cancer	+	Pancreatic cancer cells xenografted (Nude mice)	Inhibits cancer development	Wu et al[28], 2019
Bone regeneration	+	Calvarian defect (Rat)	Promotes bone regeneration and neovascularization	Zhu et al[30], 2019
Graft vs host disease	+	GvHD model (Mouse)	Enhances Treg production in vitro and in vivo	Zhang et al[34], 2018
Graft vs host disease	+	GvHD model (Mouse)	Ameliorates aGvHD via the therapeutic infusion of BM MSC-Ex	Fuji et al[33], 2018
Graft vs host disease	-	Clinical patient	Patient stable for several months after exosome application	Kordelas et al[32], 2014

GvHD: Graft vs host disease; BM MSC-Ex: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes; IDD: Intervertebral disc degeneration.

Table 2 Exosomes derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells

Condition	In vitro study	In vivo study (animal model / clinical use)	Results	Ref.
Atopic dermatitis	-	Atopic dermatitis model (Mouse)	Reduces clinical symptoms	Cho et al[35], 2018
Acute cutaneous wound healing	-	Acute cutaneous wound healing (Nude mice)	Promotes fibroblast activities, re-epithelialization, vascularization in wound healing	Liu et al[36], 2019
Wound healing	+	Mouse full-thickness incision wound model	Accelerates wound healing by optimizing fibroblast function	Zhang et al[37], 2018
Corneal stromal cells	+	-	Role of ASC-Ex in corneal stromal cell and extra cellular matrix remodeling	Shen et al[38], 2018
Apoptosis in cardiomyocyte caused by oxidative stress	+	-	Prevents apoptosis	Liu et al[39], 2019
Ovarian cancer	+	-	Ovarian cancer cells inhibited by exosomes	Reza et al[40], 2016
Neural injury	+	-	Could inhibit the activation of microglia cells and prevent neuroinflammation	Feng et al[41], 2019

ASC-Ex: Exosomes derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells.

Table 3 Exosomes derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells

Condition	In vitro study	In vivo study (animal model / clinical use)	Results	Ref.
Cutaneous wound healing	+	Wound model (Rat)	Proangiogenic effect	Zhang et al[42], 2015
Bone healing	+	Femoral fracture model (Rat)	Accelerated fracture healing via the promotion of angiogenesis	Zhang et al[43], 2019
Bone healing	-	Fracture model (Rat)	Repairs fractures in rats through the Wnt signaling pathway	Zhou et al[44], 2019
Inflammatory bowel disease	+	Inflammatory bowel disease model (Mouse)	Alleviates induced inflammatory bowel disease	Mao et al[45], 2017
Acute liver failure	+	Liver injury model (Mouse)	Decreases acute liver failure in that model	Jiang et al[49], 2019
Colitis	+	Colitis model (Mouse)	Improves colon damage in an animal disease model and has immunosuppressive effects in vitro	Ma et al[46], 2019
Autoimmune uveitis	+	Autoimmune uveitis model (Rat)	Ameliorates autoimmune uveitis by inhibiting the migration of inflammatory cells	Bai et al[47], 2017
Idiopathic macular hole	-	Clinical patients (5)	May improve anatomic and visual outcomes of surgery for that disease	Zhang et al[48], 2018
Myocardial infarction	+	Myocardial infarction model (Rat)	UcMSC-Ex encapsulated in a functional peptide hydrogel could be effective for cardiac regeneration	Han et al[50], 2019

UcMSC-Ex: Exosomes derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.