Immunological properties of embryonic and adult stem cells

Figure 1 Different mechanisms may have a role in the positive effects following the recruitment of stem cells. (1) modulation of the immune effector cells involved in the onset and extension of tissue damage; (2) release of trophic and anti-apoptotic factors that may either hamper tissue degeneration or favor spontaneous cell recovery; and (3) direct replacement of dead cells through tissue-specific differentiation.