Novel insights for improving the therapeutic safety and efficiency of mesenchymal stromal cells

Figure 1 A flow chart showing the use of the cell-free approach to enhance the safety of mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapy. MSC: Mesenchymal stromal cell; EVs: Extracellular vesicles.

Figure 2 Mesenchymal stromal cells as a promising therapeutic strategy with improved efficiency and safety. MSC: Mesenchymal stromal cell; EVs: Extracellular vesicles.

Figure 3 Strategies applied in the preconditioning of mesenchymal stromal cells. MSCs: Mesenchymal stromal cells.

Figure 4 The inflammatory specific cytokine environment is pivotal in determining the fate and behaviors of mesenchymal stromal cells. IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; IFN-β: Interferon-β; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

Figure 5 The infectious environment may modulate mesenchymal stromal cells through different pattern and function of toll-like receptors. TLRs: Toll-like receptors.