• Cell proliferation
• ECM
• IGFBP5
• Keloids
• Schwann cells

• Schwann Cells/metabolism
• Schwann Cells/pathology
• Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5/metabolism
• Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5/genetics
• Animals
• Cell Proliferation
• Rabbits
• Keloid/pathology
• Keloid/metabolism
• Cell Movement
• Humans
• Fibroblasts/metabolism
• Fibroblasts/pathology
• Male
• Cell Cycle

• ion channel
• mechanotransduction
• peripheral nerve
• proprioceptor
• regeneration
• spinal cord plasticity

• 789128 European Research Council

• Exosome
• Nerve
• Peripheral nervous
• Sciatic nerve injury

• Exosomes/metabolism
• Exosomes/transplantation
• Humans
• Animals
• Sciatic Nerve/injuries
• Peripheral Nerve Injuries/therapy
• Peripheral Nerve Injuries/metabolism
• Nerve Regeneration

• Schwann Cells/physiology
• Nerve Regeneration/physiology
• Humans
• Animals
• Peripheral Nerves/physiology
• Axons/physiology

• 28282 Cancer Research UK
• MR/N009169/1 Medical Research Council

• Semaphorin/Plexin
• angiogenesis
• blood-tissue barrier
• cell guidance
• mesenchymal cells
• perineurium
• regeneration
• scarring
• single-cell transcriptomics
• would healing

• Endothelial Cells/metabolism
• Angiogenesis
• Peripheral Nerves/physiology
• Neovascularization, Physiologic
• Axons
• Nerve Regeneration/physiology

• Crush injury
• Nerve compartments
• Nerve injury
• Nerve stiffness
• Schwann cells
• Tissue mechanics

• Humans
• Rats
• Animals
• Central Nervous System
• Schwann Cells/physiology
• Neurons
• Nerve Tissue
• Spinal Cord Injuries
• Nerve Regeneration/physiology
• Axons/physiology
• Mammals

• BB/N006402/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
• G1100312 Medical Research Council

• acupuncture
• mechanism
• nerve repair
• nerve system remodeling
• peripheral nerve injury

• Animals
• Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism
• Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
• Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism
• Biological Transport
• Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
• Dendrites/metabolism

• R01 NS082208 NINDS NIH HHS

• NG108-15
• Schwann cells
• biomaterials
• mcl-polyhydroxyalkanoates
• nerve regeneration
• peripheral nerve injury

• European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme

• Chronic disease
• Endoscopic sinus surgery
• Rhinitis

• Rats
• Humans
• Animals
• Peripheral Nerves
• Electrodes
• Neurons
• Nerve Regeneration

• Wellcome Trust
• MC_UU_00014/5 Medical Research Council
• H2020 European Research Council
• Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
• Medical Research Centre
• NIHR

• congestion
• neurolysis
• posterior nasal nerve
• radiofrequency ablation
• rhinitis
• rhinorrhea

• large animal model
• long gap
• nerve injury
• nerve regeneration
• sheep

• Humans
• Sheep
• Animals
• Peripheral Nerve Injuries/therapy
• Peripheral Nerves/physiology
• Peroneal Nerve
• Axons
• Nerve Regeneration/physiology
• Sciatic Nerve/injuries

• Connective tissue growth factor
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Nerve regeneration
• Neuromuscular junction
• Schwann cells
• Yes-associated protein

There is an unmet need for new type 2 diabetes treatments providing improved efficacy, durability and customized to improve patient’s compliance. Bio-electronic neuromodulation of Vagus nerve branches innervating organs that regulate plasma glucose, may be a method for treating type 2 diabetes. The pancreas has been shown to release insulin during Vagus stimulation. The hepatic vagal branch, innervating the liver, has been shown to decrease glucose release and decrease insulin resistance following ligation. However, standalone stimulation of the Vagus nerve has shown mixed results and Vagus nerve ligation has undesirable effects. Little is known; however, of the effect on plasma glucose with combined neuromodulation consisting of stimulation of the celiac branch innervating the pancreas with simultaneous high frequency alternating current (HFAC) blockade of the hepatic branch. This study tested the effects of this approach on increasing glycemic control in rat a model of type 2 diabetes and Alloxan treated swine.

Zucker obese (fatty) male rats (ZDF fa/fa) were used as a model of type 2 diabetes as well as glucose intolerant Alloxan treated swine. In ZDF rat experiments glycemic control was accessed with an intravenous glucose tolerance test during HFAC-induced hepatic branch block with concurrent celiac stimulation (HFAC + stimulation). In swine experiments glycemic control was accessed by an oral glucose tolerance test during HFAC + stimulation. Insulin measurements were taken prior to and following swine experiments giving insight into beta cell exhaustion. Histopathology was conducted to determine safety of HFAC + stimulation on Vagal branches.

Zucker rats demonstrated a significant improvement to an intravenous glucose tolerance test during HFAC + stimulation compared to sham. There was no significant difference from sham compared to hepatic vagotomy or celiac stimulation. In Alloxan treated swine, when subjected to HFAC + stimulation, there was a significant improvement in glycemic control as measured by an improvement on oral glucose tolerance tests and a decrease in fasting plasma glucose. Insulin responses were similar prior to and following HFAC + stimulation experiments. Histopathology demonstrated healthy swine Vagus nerves.

Electrical blockade of the hepatic Vagus branch with simultaneous stimulation of the celiac Vagus branch may be a novel, adjustable and localized approach for a treatment of type 2 diabetes.

• Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health
• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

• critical review
• peripheral nerve regeneration/repair
• platelet RICH plasma therapy
• schwann cell
• wallerian degeneration

• fibrin glue
• fibrin sealant
• nerve regeneration
• scaffolds
• stem cells
• systematic review

• Fibrin Tissue Adhesive/pharmacology
• Humans
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
• Models, Biological
• Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
• Nerve Tissue/drug effects
• Nerve Tissue/injuries
• Nerve Tissue/physiopathology

• Finance Code 001 Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

• allergic
• congestion
• neurectomy
• neurolysis
• posterior nasal nerve
• rTNSS
• radiofrequency ablation
• rhinitis
• rhinorrhea
• temperature-controlled

• The study was sponsored by Aerin Medical.

Clearance of myelin debris and remyelination of myelin are necessary steps for peripheral nerve remodeling and regeneration. It has yet to be clarified which genes or proteins are involved in endocytosis or exocytosis in the removal of myelin debris during peripheral nerve repair.

For this project, a rat model of subacute stage of sciatic nerve injury was established first. Subsequently, normal Schwann cells (NSCs) and activated Schwann cells (ASCs) were harvest before and after peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Following methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) and tandem mass tags (TMT) labeling analysis of NSCs and ASCs, what common biomarkers changes in peripheral nervous systems remain to be elucidated.

A total of 14,770 different expression genes (DEGs) and 3249 different expression proteins (DEPs) were screened between ASCs and NSCs. For the exosomes, the diameter and particles concentration of exosomes were 141.7 ​nm and 2.97 ​× ​10⁷ particles/mL, respectively. The size distribution of exosomes was 50–200 ​nm. ASCs showed higher cellular uptake ability than the NSCs by cellular uptake test. Moreover, RAB7A, ARF6, ARF1, VPS45, RAB11A, DNM3, and NEDD4 were the core markers and may control the molecular mechanism of the Endocytosis pathway.

These biomarkers may play significant roles in the initiation phase of demyelination and axon regeneration.

This study explores that the endocytosis-associated patterns of Schwann cells may be new therapeutic strategy for nerve tissue engineering and nerve regeneration.

• Demyelination
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Nerve regeneration
• Peripheral nerve injury
• Schwann cells

Promising strategies for neural tissue engineering are based on the use of three-dimensional substrates for cell anchorage and tissue development. In this work, fibrillar scaffolds composed of electrospun randomly- and aligned-oriented fibers coated with plasma synthesized pyrrole polymer, doped and undoped with iodine, were fabricated and characterized. Infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the functional groups and molecular integration of each scaffold, as well as the effect of plasma polymer synthesis on crystallinity. Scanning microscopy imaging demonstrated the porous fibrillar micrometric structure of the scaffolds, which afforded adhesion, infiltration, and survival for the neural cells. Orientation analysis of electron microscope images confirmed the elongation of neurite-like cell structures elicited by undoped plasma pyrrole polymer-coated aligned scaffolds, without any biochemical stimuli. The MTT colorimetric assay validated the biocompatibility of the fabricated composite materials, and further evidenced plasma pyrrole polymer-coated aligned scaffolds as permissive substrates for the support of neural cells. These results suggest plasma synthesized pyrrole polymer-coated aligned scaffolds are promising materials for tissue engineering applications.

• 3D cell culture
• electrospun scaffolds
• plasma polymerization
• pyrrole

The surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis by thoracic sympathectomy has brought, in addition to symptomatic relief for many, its main adverse effect: compensatory or reflex sweating. The clipping technique in place of the sympathetic nerve section gave rise to the hope of reversibility, but the positive results showed to be quite divergent, evidencing the academic deficiency regarding the study of this phenomenon.

To observe micro and macroscopic damage caused by the polymer clip on sympathetic nerve of rabbits seven days after their clipping and the findings after three weeks of clip removal.

In this experimental study, 20 rabbits were divided into two groups of 10, group 1 (clipping) and group 2 (de-clipping). The right cervical sympathetic nerve of all animals was clamped with polymeric clip, and in group 2 the nerve was unclipped seven days later. Group 1 rabbits were induced to death on the 7th postoperative day, and group 2 on the 21st after removal of the polymer clip. Macroscopic variables were: clip appearance, presence of discontinuity lesion, infection and adhesions around the nerve. H&E was used in the evaluation of the phases and degree of the inflammatory process and presence of necrosis, and picrosirius red F3BA for quantification of collagen.

The cervical sympathetic nerve was intact, without necrosis or infection in all animals of the experiment; there were adhesions in both groups, being minimal in eight animals of each group and moderate or intense in two; the clip was completely closed in all animals at the 7th postoperative day; the inflammatory process shown was chronic, with monomorphonuclear predominance. There was no significant difference between groups regarding the intensity the inflammatory process, but the amount of collagen type I and type III was significantly higher in group 2.

The injury caused by the polymer clip on the sympathetic nerve may be reversible, allowing functional return in the areas involved in the simulated cervical sympathectomy. Clipping of the cervical sympathetic nerve using a polymer clip does not cause discontinuity injury.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling disease that leads to loss of sensation, motor, and autonomic function. As exosomes have great potential in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of SCI because of their ability to easily cross the blood–brain barrier, the function of Schwann cell-derived exosomes (SCDEs) is still largely unknown.

A T10 spinal cord contusion was established in adult female mice. SCDEs were injected into the tail veins of mice three times a week for 4 weeks after the induction of SCI, and the control group was injected with PBS. High-resolution transmission electron microscope and western blot were used to characterize the SCDEs. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression on astrocytes, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposition and neurological function recovery were measured in the spinal cord tissues of each group by immunofluorescence staining of TLR2, GFAP, CS56, 5-HT, and β-III-tublin, respectively. TLR2^f/f mice were crossed to the GFAP-Cre strain to generate astrocyte specific TLR2 knockout mice (TLR2^−/−). Finally, western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of signaling proteins and IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was used to validate the involved signaling pathway.

Here, we found that TLR2 increased significantly on astrocytes post-SCI. SCDEs treatment can promote functional recovery and induce the expression of TLR2 on astrocytes accompanied with decreased CSPGs deposition. The specific knockout of TLR2 on astrocytes abolished the decreasing CSPGs deposition and neurological functional recovery post-SCI. In addition, the signaling pathway of NF-κB/PI3K involved in the TLR2 activation was validated by western blot. Furthermore, IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was also used to validate this signaling pathway.

Thus, our results uncovered that SCDEs can promote functional recovery of mice post-SCI by decreasing the CSPGs deposition via increasing the TLR2 expression on astrocytes through NF-κB/PI3K signaling pathway.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02215-x.

• Astrocyte
• Axonal regeneration
• CSPG (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan)
• Exosomes
• Schwann cell
• Spinal cord injury
• Toll-like receptor 2

Peripheral nerve injury gives rise to devastating conditions including neural dysfunction, unbearable pain and even paralysis. The therapeutic effect of current treatment for peripheral nerve injury is unsatisfactory, resulting in slow nerve regeneration and incomplete recovery of neural function. In this study, nerve suture combined with ADSCs injection was adopted in rat model of sciatic nerve injury. Under real-time visualization of the injected cells with the guidance of NIR-II fluorescence imaging in vivo, a spatio-temporal map displaying cell migration from the proximal injection site (0 day post-injection) of the nerve to the sutured site (7 days post-injection), and then to the distal section (14 days post-injection) was demonstrated. Furthermore, the results of electromyography and mechanical pain threshold indicated nerve regeneration and functional recovery after the combined therapy. Therefore, in the current study, the observed ADSCs migration in vivo, electrophysiological examination results and pathological changes all provided robust evidence for the efficacy of the applied treatment. Our approach of nerve suture combined with ADSCs injection in treating peripheral nerve injury under real-time NIR-II imaging monitoring in vivo added novel insights into the treatment for peripheral nerve injury, thus further enhancing in-depth understanding of peripheral nerve regeneration and the mechanism behind.

• ADSCs
• NIR-II
• fluorescence imaging
• nerve regeneration
• nerve suture
• peripheral nerve injury

We aimed to evaluate the use of nerve allograft preserved in glycerol. We compared the efficiency of glycerol-preserved allografts with autogenous nerve grafting, cryopreserved grafts, and detergent-processed grafts in the axonal regeneration. Secondarily, we evaluated the effectiveness of each preservation method in maintaining the extracellular matrix free of cellular components.

This was a prospective experimental, longitudinal, unblinded, nonrandomized, controlled animal model study. Three different allograft preservation techniques for the repair of sciatic nerve injuries were compared, including cold preservation, glycerol preservation, and detergent preservation. Functional assessment was performed, and histomorphometric analyses were further performed, which enabled the allograft structure evaluation and an estimation of the nerve regeneration efficacy based on the myelinated axons count and on their diameters.

After the 14^th week, all groups were already balanced and similar (P = 0.265): all groups present near-zero SFIs, thus confirming their efficiency in promoting nerve regeneration. In the histomorphometric evaluations, all groups were equivalent, presenting a similar efficiency in nerve regeneration (P = 0.716 and P = 0.577, respectively). Similarly, histomorphometric evaluations showed a reduction in the number of axons and in their diameters, but none of them effectively eliminated all cellular debris. Comparing the groups with each other, the groups preserved in glycerol and detergent solution were similar, both presenting better results than the cooled group.

By evaluating the presence of cell debris after the treatment using glycerol, it was found to be similar to the treatment using detergent and significantly better than the cold-preservation treatment.

• Gunshot wounds
• Pediatrics
• Peripheral nervous system
• Stray bullets

To assess the long‐term (12–24 months) safety and effectiveness of cryoablation of the posterior nasal nerve as treatment for chronic rhinitis.

A multicenter, prospective, single‐arm clinical study.

The study was conducted from February 2017 to April 2020. Study endpoints included change from baseline in the reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS), Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ), physician assessment of improvement using the Clinical Global Impression–Improvement (CGI–I), and the incidence of treatment‐related adverse events.

Ninety‐one participants completed the study through the initial 12‐month study period. Sixty‐two participants consented to the long‐term follow‐up with 57 completing the 24‐month follow‐up. Significant improvements in the total rTNSS were reflected in a median change from baseline of −3.0 or −4.0 at all timepoints (P < .001). Greater than 80.0% of participants achieved the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of improvement by ≥1 point on the rTNSS at all follow‐ups. Total RQLQ scores indicated significant improvement (P < .0001) in quality of life. Over 77% of participants achieved the MCID (≥0.5 points) for the total RQLQ score. According to the CGI–I, ≥83.0% experienced improvement at all but the 12‐month visit (61.9%). One participant experienced two treatment‐related serious adverse events (epistaxis and retained pledget). A total of 29 nonserious treatment‐related AEs were reported in 23 participants; most events were transient and resolved with little to no intervention.

Cryotherapy significantly and clinically improves rhinitis symptoms and quality of life with outcomes that are durable through 24 months after treatment.

4 Laryngoscope, 131:1952–1957, 2021

• Allergic rhinitis
• chronic rhinitis
• cryotherapy
• nonallergic rhinitis
• posterior nasal nerve cryoablation

• Axonal outgrowth
• Degradation
• Nerve conduit
• Peripheral nervous system
• Remyelination
• Schwann cell

• Acute flaccid myelitis
• nerve transfer
• occupational therapy
• pediatrics
• physical therapy
• rehabilitation

The cornea is the most densely innervated and sensitive tissue in the body. The cornea is exclusively innervated by C- and A-delta fibers, including mechano-nociceptors that are triggered by noxious mechanical stimulation, polymodal nociceptors that are excited by mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli, and cold thermoreceptors that are activated by cooling. Noxious stimulations activate corneal nociceptors whose cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and project central axons to the trigeminal brainstem sensory complex. Ocular pain, in particular, that driven by corneal nerves, is considered to be a core symptom of inflammatory and traumatic disorders of the ocular surface. Ocular surface injury affecting corneal nerves and leading to inflammatory responses can occur under multiple pathological conditions, such as chemical burn, persistent dry eye, and corneal neuropathic pain as well as after some ophthalmological surgical interventions such as photorefractive surgery. This review depicts the morphological and functional changes of corneal nerve terminals following corneal damage and dry eye disease (DED), both ocular surface conditions leading to sensory abnormalities. In addition, the recent fundamental and clinical findings of the importance of peripheral and central neuroimmune interactions in the development of corneal hypersensitivity are discussed. Next, the cellular and molecular changes of corneal neurons in the TG and central structures that are driven by corneal nerve abnormalities are presented. A better understanding of the corneal nerve abnormalities as well as neuroimmune interactions may contribute to the identification of a novel therapeutic targets for alleviating corneal pain.

• cornea
• inflammation
• pain
• peripheral and central sensitization
• trigeminal ganglion

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury, in which hoarseness and dysphagia arise as a result of impaired vocal fold movement, is a serious complication. Misdirected regeneration is an issue for functional regeneration. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of TrkA inhibitors, which blocks the NGF-TrkA pathway that acts on the sensory/automatic nerves thus preventing misdirected regeneration among motor and sensory nerves, and thereby promoting the regeneration of motor neurons to achieve functional recovery. RLN axotomy rat models were used in this study, in which cut ends of the nerve were bridged with polyglycolic acid-collagen tube with and without TrkA inhibitor (TrkAi) infiltration. Our study revealed significant improvement in motor nerve fiber regeneration and function, in assessment of vocal fold movement, myelinated nerve regeneration, compound muscle action potential, and prevention of laryngeal muscle atrophy. Retrograde labeling demonstrated fewer labeled neurons in the vagus ganglion, which confirmed reduced misdirected regeneration among motor and sensory fibers, and a change in distribution of the labeled neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. Our study demonstrated that TrkAi have a strong potential for clinical application in the treatment of RLN injury.

• Schwann cell-like cells
• Schwann cells
• axonal regeneration
• brain injuries
• human adipose stem cells
• myelin regeneration
• neurotrophic factors
• peripheral nerve injuries
• spinal injuries

• Central Nervous System/physiopathology
• Humans
• Nerve Regeneration/physiology
• Peripheral Nervous System/physiopathology
• Schwann Cells/metabolism

• corneal subbasal nerve
• laser in-situ keratomileusis
• nerve orientation
• nerve plexus architecture

• Schwann cells
• cell signaling
• neurodegeneration
• neuromuscular junction
• neuroregeneration

• Humans
• Nerve Regeneration/physiology
• Neurons/metabolism
• Peripheral Nervous System/physiology
• Schwann Cells/metabolism

• Cavernous nerve injury
• HJIG I granules
• Neurogenic erectile dysfunction
• Neuroprotective effect

Neurotrophic factors (NTF) secreted by Schwann cells in a sciatic nerve (SN) graft promote retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon regeneration after either transplantation into the vitreous body of the eye or anastomosis to the distal stump of a transected optic nerve. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective and growth stimulatory properties of SN grafts in which Schwann cells had been killed (acellular SN grafts, ASN) or remained intact (cellular SN grafts, CSN). We report that both intravitreal (ivit) implanted and optic nerve anastomosed CSN promote RGC survival and when simultaneously placed in both sites, they exert additive RGC neuroprotection. CSN and ASN were rich in myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and axon growth-inhibitory ligand common to both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin. The penetration of the few RGC axons regenerating into an ASN at an optic nerve transection (ONT) site is limited into the proximal perilesion area, but is increased >2-fold after ivit CSN implantation and increased 5-fold into a CSN optic nerve graft after ivit CSN implantation, potentiated by growth disinhibition through the regulated intramembranous proteolysis (RIP) of p75^NTR (the signalling trans-membrane moiety of the nogo-66 trimeric receptor that binds MAG and associated suppression of RhoGTP). Mϋller cells/astrocytes become reactive after all treatments and maximally after simultaneous ivit and optic nerve CSN/ASN grafting. We conclude that simultaneous ivit CSN plus optic nerve CSN support promotes significant RGC survival and axon regeneration into CSN optic nerve grafts, despite being rich in axon growth inhibitory molecules. RGC axon regeneration is probably facilitated through RIP of p75^NTR, which blinds axons to myelin-derived axon growth-inhibitory ligands present in optic nerve grafts.

• CNS
• axon regeneration
• neuroprotection
• neurotrophic factors
• optic nerve
• optic nerve transection
• peripheral nerve grafts
• retinal ganglion cells

In the present study, we examined the effect of oriented collagen tube (OCT) implantation on the recovery of sensory function of the resected rat sciatic nerve.

After a 10-mm long portion of the sciatic nerve of a rat was resected, an OCT was placed in the site of nerve defect. Recovery of the sensory function was evaluated using Von Frey test every 3 days after surgery. The regenerated tissue were histologically and ultrastructurally analyzed 2 and 4 weeks after the surgery.

The sensory reflexes of the OCT group were restored to the level of that of the intact group after 15 days. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed the cross-linking between the proximal and distal stumps after 2 weeks. After 4 weeks, Luxol Fast Blue and immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of myelin sheath from the proximal to distal region of the regenerated tissue and S100B staining confirmed the presence of Schwann cells. Interestingly, no myelin sheath was ultrastructurally observed around the regenerated axons at the central region after 2 weeks.

These results suggest that OCTs facilitate the recovery of sensory function. Additionally, the non-myelinated axons contributed to the recovery of the sensory function.

•

Von Frey test results in the OCT group on POD 15 were comparable at the sham group.

• Biocompatible materials
• H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
• IAN, inferior alveolar nerve
• LFB, Luxol Fast Blue
• MBP, myelin basic protein
• Microscopy
• Nerve regeneration
• OCT, oriented collagen tube
• PBS, phosphate buffered saline
• PODs, postoperative days
• Peripheral nerves
• SD, standard deviation
• Sciatic nerve
• TEM, transmission electron microscopy

• cranial nerves
• regeneration
• somatotopic
• topographical
• trigeminal

• ERK1/2
• JNK1/2
• MMPs
• SMAD
• Schwann cells
• peripheral nerve injury

• Differentiation
• ErbB2/3
• Glutamate
• Neuregulin-1
• Oxidative stress
• Phosphorylation
• Subcellular signaling
• ZNRF1 ubiquitin ligase
• mGluR2

• Carrier Proteins/physiology
• Cell Differentiation
• Glutamic Acid/physiology
• Humans
• Myelin Sheath/physiology
• Peripheral Nerves/physiology
• Receptors, AMPA/physiology
• Schwann Cells
• Signal Transduction
• Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases

• Animals
• Cell Differentiation/physiology
• Cell Plasticity/physiology
• Homeostasis/physiology
• Humans
• Nerve Regeneration/physiology
• Neuronal Plasticity
• Peripheral Nerves/pathology
• Peripheral Nerves/physiology
• Schwann Cells/metabolism

• 28282 Cancer Research UK
• MR/R023816/1 Medical Research Council
• CRUK/A4308 Cancer Research UK

• Cell migration
• Concentration gradient
• Haptotaxis
• Laminin-derived peptides
• Schwann cells

• Actins/metabolism
• Animals
• Cell Adhesion/drug effects
• Cell Movement/drug effects
• Chemotaxis/drug effects
• Female
• Laminin/chemistry
• Peptides/chemistry
• Peptides/pharmacology
• Photoelectron Spectroscopy
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley
• Schwann Cells/cytology
• Schwann Cells/drug effects
• Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

• R15 GM113155 NIGMS NIH HHS