• adipose stem cells
• gene expression
• hypertrophic scar
• keloids scars

• acne scars
• fat grafting
• nanofat
• stromal vascular fraction (SVF)

• Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs)
• Collagenase
• Fat graft
• Skin regeneration
• Stromal vascular fraction (SVF)

• Adult
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Adipose Tissue/cytology
• Cell Separation/methods
• Cells, Cultured
• Clinical Protocols
• Lipectomy/methods
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells
• Stromal Cells

• 20191916 The Two-hundred Talent
• JYLJ202103 Clinical Research Program of 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine
• Grant No. 22MC1940300 Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery supported by Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality

• Human clinical trials
• Non-invasive therapy
• PBM-Associated treatments
• Photobiomodulation
• Tissue engineering triad components

• Humans
• Low-Level Light Therapy/methods
• Animals
• Regeneration/radiation effects
• Tissue Engineering/methods
• Biocompatible Materials/chemistry
• Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry

• calcitriol
• cholecalciferol
• fat graft retention
• vitamin D3
• xenograft murine model

• Humans
• Animals
• Cholecalciferol/pharmacology
• Mice
• Cell Survival/drug effects
• Adipose Tissue/cytology
• Stromal Cells/metabolism
• Stromal Cells/drug effects
• Stromal Cells/cytology
• Apoptosis/drug effects
• Female
• Graft Survival/drug effects
• Mice, Nude
• Heterografts
• Adipocytes/drug effects
• Adipocytes/metabolism
• Adipocytes/cytology
• Nitric Oxide/metabolism
• Nitric Oxide/pharmacology

• Humans
• Adipose Tissue/transplantation
• Graft Survival
• Stromal Vascular Fraction
• Transplantation, Autologous
• Postoperative Complications
• Stromal Cells/transplantation

• fat grafting
• microfat
• millifat
• nanofat
• regenerative medicine

• Adipose-derived stem cells
• Dupuytren disease
• fibrosis
• myofibroblasts
• platelet-rich plasma

• Humans
• Animals
• Rats
• Dupuytren Contracture/therapy
• Myofibroblasts
• Microbial Collagenase
• Actins
• Collagen Type I

• adipose tissue restoration
• hyaluronic acid
• hybrid cooperative complexes

• ADSCs
• Ad-EVs
• Autologous fat grafting
• CAL
• Volume retention rate

• Animals
• Humans
• Adipose Tissue/transplantation
• Adipocytes/transplantation
• Lipectomy
• Plastic Surgery Procedures
• Autografts

• ASC
• Adipose-derived stem cell
• Cell-based therapy
• MSC
• Mesenchymal stem cell
• Micro-fragmented fat
• Nanofat
• Osteoarthritis
• Stromal vascular fraction

• Adipose-derived stem cells
• cell delivery
• extracellular matrix
• human decellularized adipose tissue
• injectable hydrogel

• Adipose tissue-derived stem cells
• Bibliometric study
• Plastic and reconstructive surgery
• Web of Science Core Collection database

• Adipose Tissue
• Bibliometrics
• China
• Plastic Surgery Procedures
• Stem Cells
• Surgery, Plastic

• ADSCs
• Stem cells
• adipose-derived stem cells
• hypertrophic scars
• scars
• treatment.

Surgical reconstruction of chronic wounds is often infeasible due to infection, comorbidities, or poor viability of local tissues. The aim of this study was to describe the authors’ technique for improving the regenerative and antimicrobial potential of a combination of modified nanofat and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in nonhealing infected wounds.

Fourteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Fat tissue was harvested from the lower abdomen following infiltration of a solution of 1,000 mL of NaCl solution, 225 mg of ropivacaine, and 1 mg of epinephrine. Aspiration was performed using a 3-mm cannula with 1-mm holes. The obtained solution was decanted and mechanically emulsified, but was not filtered. Non-activated leukocyte-rich PRP (naLR-PRP) was added to the solution before injection. Patients underwent three sessions of injection of 8-mL naLR-PRP performed at 2-week intervals.

Thirteen of 14 patients completed the follow-up. Complete healing was achieved in seven patients (53.8%). Four patients (30.8%) showed improvement, with a mean ulcer width reduction of 57.5%±13.8%. Clinical improvements in perilesional skin quality were reported in all patients, with reduced erythema, increased thickness, and increased pliability. An overall wound depth reduction of 76.6%±40.8% was found. Pain was fully alleviated in all patients who underwent re-epithelization. A mean pain reduction of 42%±33.3% (as indicated by visual analog scale score) was found in non-re-epithelized patients at a 3-month follow-up.

The discussed technique facilitated improvement of both the regenerative and the antimicrobial potential of fat grafting. It proved effective in surgically-untreatable infected chronic wounds unresponsive to conventional therapies.

• Anti-infective agents
• Platelet-rich plasma
• Tissue grafts
• Ulcer
• Wounds

• cell therapy
• chronic wounds
• regenerative medicine
• venous leg ulcers
• wound surgery

• Humans
• Operating Rooms/methods
• Operating Rooms/trends
• Regenerative Medicine/methods
• Regenerative Medicine/trends
• Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods
• Surgical Procedures, Operative/trends
• Wound Healing/physiology

• adipose
• exosome
• extracellular vesicles
• regeneration
• stem cell

Adipose tissue is an organ of energy storage, an endocrine organ, a soft tissue filler and a cosmetically unnecessary tissue discarded by liposuction. Liposuction was designed to correct unaesthetic deposits of subcutaneous fat; it produces satisfactory silhouette contouring when performed by appropriately trained operators using properly selected technologies. However, from lipoaspirate it is possible to obtain autologous fat graft and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) for reconstructive surgery and regenerative medicine. Autologous fat transplantation uses include the correction of body contour, malformations and post-surgical outcomes. The regenerative properties of ASCs allow treating damaged tissues such as wounds, burns, scars and radiodermatitis. The aim of this study was to perform a literature review highlighting the crucial role of adipose tissue in plastic and reconstructive surgery, from liposuction to lipofilling and ASCs, exposing the indications, procedures and complications of these surgical techniques.

Literature review of publications concerning liposuction, lipofilling and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCS).

The introduction of liposuction allowed the use of adipose tissue for many clinical uses. The adipose tissue filling properties have been highlighted by the advent of lipofilling. The regenerative properties evidence of autologous fat transplantation encouraged the research on the clinical use of ASCs.

Adipose tissue is not only the main energy storage of our body but also an important source of stem cells that can be used in various fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering with encouraging results for the future. (www.actabiomedica.it)

• Burns
• Experimental
• Low level laser therapy
• Photobiomodulation (PBM)
• Stromal vascular fraction (SVF)
• Wound healing

• Adipose stem cell
• Cytokine
• Mesenchymal stem cell
• Pericyte
• Secretome

• Abdominal Fat/cytology
• Abdominal Fat/metabolism
• Adipose Tissue/cytology
• Adipose Tissue/metabolism
• Adult
• Aged
• Agglutinins/metabolism
• Angiogenic Proteins/metabolism
• Collagenases/metabolism
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Female
• Flow Cytometry
• Humans
• Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
• Middle Aged
• Pericytes/cytology
• Pericytes/metabolism
• Proteome/analysis

• G1000816 Medical Research Council
• British Heart Foundation

• AMP-activated protein kinase
• Adipogenesis
• Adipose-derived stem cells
• Autophagy
• Ischemia

• AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
• Adipogenesis
• Adipose Tissue/cytology
• Adipose Tissue/metabolism
• Autophagy/drug effects
• Autophagy-Related Protein 7/antagonists & inhibitors
• Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog/metabolism
• Cell Differentiation
• Cell Hypoxia
• Cell Survival
• Cells, Cultured
• Humans
• Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
• RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
• Sirolimus/pharmacology
• Stem Cells/cytology
• Stem Cells/metabolism
• TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism

Autologous fat grafting is widely used for soft-tissue augmentation and replacement in reconstructive and aesthetic surgery providing a biocompatible, natural and inexpensive method. Multiple approaches have been developed in the past years, varying in the location of adipose tissue donor-sites, use of wetting solutions, harvesting, processing and placing techniques. Despite many advances in this subject, the lack of standardization in the protocols and the unpredictability of the resorption of the grafted tissue pose a significant limitation for graft retention and subsequent filling. In this review, we discuss several approaches and methods described over the last years concerning the harvesting of autologous fat grafts. We focus on contents such as the best donor-site, differences between existing harvesting techniques (namely tissue resection, hand aspiration or liposuction techniques), recommended harvesting cannula diameters, pressure application and volume of wetting solution injected prior aspiration. Results and comparisons between methods tend to vary according to the outcome measured, thus posing a limitation to pinpoint the most efficient methods to apply in fat grafting. Additionally, the lack of a standard assay to determine viability or volume augmentation of fat grafting remains another limitation to obtain universally accepted grafting procedures and protocols.

•

Distinct harvesting procedures associate with different outcomes of fat graft take.

• Adipose tissue
• Autologous fat graft
• Harvesting techniques
• Plastic surgery
• Reconstructive surgery

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells are considered to be a promising source in the field of cell therapy and regenerative medicine. In addition to direct cell replacement using adipose tissue or purified stem cells, intercellular molecule exchange by the adipose tissue complex, a vast array of bioactive secretory factors, demonstrated beneficial effects by reducing tissue damage and stimulation of endogenous repair. However, for therapeutic purposes, the use of secretome derivatives, such as full conditioned media or purified exosomes generated in vitro, may present considerable disadvantages for cell manufacturing, storage, product safety, and their potential as a ready-to-go therapeutic product.

In this study, the effect of a liquid fraction of lipoaspirates isolated intraoperatively from 28 healthy donors was evaluated for their protective effect against oxidative stress and senescence, proliferation, and migration in vitro on normal human melanocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. Immunoenzymatic quantification of several growth factors and important signal molecules was used to define the biological profile of physiological adipose tissue secretome.

Adipose tissue extracellular fraction (AT-Ex), isolated from lipoaspirate, exhibited significant potential for skin repair. AT-Ex augmented dermal and epidermal cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner without promoting cancer cell growth. Moreover, migration of dermal fibroblasts, an important phenomenon implicated in endogenous repair, was enhanced by AT-Ex treatment. AT-Ex has a positive impact on oxidative stress damage when cells are exposed to extrinsic hostile factors and prevent a fibroblast senescence phenotype including paracrine functions associated with skin aging.

Collectively, our findings propose natural systems carrying the physiological balance of in-vivo produced secretome that could improve cutaneous wound healing and tissue repair. This approach, representing an innovative perspective and therapeutic strategy in regenerative medicine, could also be combined with autologous stem cell grafts to treat chronic nonhealing wounds, stable vitiligo, severe burns, and post-oncological scarring.

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0956-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• Adipose tissue
• Growth factors
• Regenerative medicine
• Skin
• Stem cells

• Alveolar bone grafting
• Dentofacial deformities
• Distraction osteogenesis
• Guided tissue regeneration
• Orthodontic tooth movement
• Orthodontics
• Orthognathic surgery
• Periodontitis
• Root resorption
• Stem cells

Tissue engineered scaffolds for adipose restoration/repair has significantly evolved in recent years. Patients requiring soft tissue reconstruction, caused by defects or pathology, require biomaterials that will restore void volume with new functional tissue. The gold standard of autologous fat grafting (AFG) is not a reliable option. This review focuses on the latest therapeutic strategies for the treatment of adipose tissue defects using biomolecule formulations and delivery, and specifically engineered biomaterials. Additionally, the clinical need for reliable off-the-shelf therapies, animal models, and challenges facing current technologies are discussed.

• adipogenic factors
• adipose tissue restoration
• adipose-derived stem cells
• microspheres
• soft tissue defects

• Mesenchymal stem cells
• adipogenic differentiation
• adipose tissue regeneration
• gelatin based scaffold

Regeneration therapy using adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) has been proposed in the treatment of skin aging. Myofibroblast plays a relevant role in the organization of the extracellular matrix of the damaged skin. A natural extract was derived from the eggs of the mollusk Cryptomphalus aspersa (e-CAF) that seems to play a role on skin repair. We have investigated the potential effects of e-CAF in the differentiation of ADSC.

ADSC were cultured in the absence or presence of e-CAF (50 and 200 μg/mL) for 24 hours and 7 days. Real-time cell assay, morphological, immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR techniques were used to evaluate the cell culture and expression of αSMA, collagen I, and tropoelastin.

e-CAF induced significant reduction in the rate of growth of ADSC from 24 hours to 7 days of culture. e-CAF also induced bigger sizes, higher levels of cytoplasmic refringence and complexity, and a more polyhedral morphological changes in the cultured ADSC. The protein and mRNA expression of αSMA was significantly increased in e-CAF-cultured ADSC.

e-CAF promotes ADSC differentiation to myofibroblasts and should be considered as a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of skin aging.

In the past decade, adipose tissue has become a highly interesting source of adult stem cells for plastic surgery and regenerative medicine. The adipose source offers two options for the isolation of regenerative cells: the enzymatic digestion an expensive time-consuming procedure lacking a common standard operating protocol, or the non-enzymatic dissociation methods based on mechanical forces to break the processed adipose tissue. Here, we propose innovative inexpensive non-enzymatic protocols to collect and concentrate clinically useful regenerative cells from adipose tissue by centrifugation of the infranatant fraction of lipoaspirate as first step, usually discarded as a byproduct of the surgical procedure, and by fat shaking and wash as second enrichment step. The isolated cells were characterized according to the criteria proposed by the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) to define human mesenchymal stem cells, and the results were compared with matched lipoaspirate samples processed with collagenase. The results demonstrated the usability of these new procedures as an alternative to fat grafting for treating stem cell-depleted tissues and for specific application requiring minimal or null soft tissue augmentation, such as skin diseases including severe burn and post-oncological scaring, chronic non-healing wounds, and vitiligo.

Perception of the adipose tissue has changed dramatically over the last few decades. Identification of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) ultimately transformed paradigm of this tissue from a passive energy depot into a promising stem cell source with properties of self-renewal and multipotential differentiation. As compared to bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), ASCs are more easily accessible and their isolation yields higher amount of stem cells. Therefore, the ASCs are of high interest for stem cell-based therapies and skin tissue engineering. Currently, freshly isolated stromal vascular fraction (SVF), which may be used directly without any expansion, was also assessed to be highly effective in treating skin radiation injuries, burns, or nonhealing wounds such as diabetic ulcers. In this paper, we review the characteristics of SVF and ASCs and the efficacy of their treatment for skin injuries and disorders.

Autologous fat grafting is an effective reconstructive surgery technique; however, its success is limited by inconsistent graft retention and an environment characterized by high oxidative stress and inflammation. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) increase the survival of fat grafts, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, TLR4^−/− and Nrf2^−/− mice were used to explore the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation on the viability and function of ADSCs in vitro and in vivo. Enrichment of fat grafts with ADSCs inhibited inflammatory cytokine production, enhanced growth factor levels, increased fat graft survival, downregulated NADPH oxidase (NOX)1 and 4 expression, increased vascularization and reduced ROS production in a manner dependent on toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that exposure to hypoxia enhanced ADSC growth and promoted the differentiation of ADSCs into vascular endothelial cells. Hypoxia-induced inflammatory cytokine, growth factor and NOX1/4 upregulation, as well as increased ROS production and apoptosis in ADSCs were dependent on TLR4 and Nrf2, which also modulated the effect of ADSCs on promoting endothelial progenitor cell migration and angiogenesis. Western blot analyses showed that the effects of hypoxia on ADSCs were regulated by crosstalk between Nrf2 antioxidant responses and NF-κB- and TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses. Taken together, our results indicate that ADSCs can increase the survival of fat transplants through the modulation of inflammatory and oxidative responses via Nrf2 and TLR4, suggesting potential strategies to improve the use of ADSCs for cell therapy.

Background  The BEAULI -method (Breast Augmentation by Lipotransfer) is available for extraction and processing of large transplantable fat quantities. The aim of this work is to describe the surgical technique precisely and reproducibly and to provide an overview of the autologous fat transfer based on surgical experience.

Method  The author performed 300 autologous fat transplantations on 254 women between September 3, 2010, and May 13, 2015. Patients desiring moderate volume increase, fuller and firmer breasts, as well as an optimization of the silhouette, ideally with the concurrent desire of the correction of unwanted fat deposits, were selected. The fat was extracted via water-jet assisted liposuction (Body-jet, Human Med AG, Schwerin, Germany), and the fat cells were subsequently separated with the Lipocollector ^® (Human Med AG, Schwerin, Germany).

Results  The results were assessed with a control exam and photo comparison and were based on the responses on a questionnaire. Overall, 35.9% of the patients defined the result as very good, 38.6% as good, 22.4% as satisfactory, and 3.1% as poor.

Conclusion  This study shows that the autologous fat cell transplantation into the female breast via water-jet assisted liposuction achieves a moderate and harmoniously appearing breast volume enlargement as well as contour improvement. Further studies with more cases and longer observation periods over several years could contribute to improving the method of the autologous fat transfer regarding the grow-in rate, efficiency, and safety.

• WAL
• autologous fat graft
• breast augmentation
• fat transplantation
• lipofilling
• liposuction