Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Gastroenterol. Sep 21, 2026; 32(35): 118677
Published online Sep 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.118677
Published online Sep 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.118677
Table 1 Basal characteristics of 101 participants with inflammatory bowel disease, n (%)/median (interquartile ranges)
| Variable | |
| Female | 60 (59.4) |
| Age in years | 49 (35-59) |
| Residency | |
| Mexico City | 45 (44.6) |
| State of Mexico | 17 (16.8) |
| State of Hidalgo | 10 (9.9) |
| Education level | |
| Illiterate | 1 (1.0) |
| Basic1 | 31 (30.7) |
| Intermediate2 | 22 (21.8) |
| Higher3 | 47 (46.5) |
| Smoking index | 0 (0-0.75) |
| Previous CDI | 9/98 (9.2) |
| Previous hospitalization4 | 9 (8.9) |
| Previous healthcare utilization4 | 23 (22.8) |
| Previous antibiotic use4 | 34/99 (34.3) |
| Previous statin use4 | 12 (11.9) |
| Proton pump inhibitor use4 | 39 (38.6) |
| Previous bowel surgery | 31 (30.7) |
| Age at diagnosis of IBD in years | 35 (26-50) |
| Disease duration at inclusion in years | 9 (4-16) |
| Type of IBD | |
| Ulcerative colitis | 78 (77.2) |
| Crohn’s disease | 22 (21.8) |
| Indeterminate colitis | 1 (1.0) |
| Extent of ulcerative colitis, n = 78 | |
| Proctitis | 11 (10.9) |
| Left-sided colitis | 19 (18.8) |
| Pancolitis | 48 (47.5) |
| Days without IBD activity before follow-up | 936 (238-1088) |
| Severity of last flare-up | |
| Mild | 23/60 (38.3) |
| Moderate | 32/60 (53.3) |
| Severe (uncomplicated) | 5/60 (8.4) |
| Treatment at baseline (not mutually exclusive) | |
| Sulfasalazine or mesalamine | 73/99 (73.7) |
| Corticosteroids | 34/99 (34.3) |
| Azathioprine | 32/99 (32.3) |
| Infliximab | 3/99 (3.0) |
| Methotrexate | 2/99 (2.0) |
| Laboratory parameters at baseline | |
| Hb in g/L | 145 (127-153) |
| Platelet count as × 103/μL | 275 (232-344) |
| Leukocyte count as × 103/μL | 6.7 (5.2-8.5) |
| Lymphocyte count as × 103/μL | 1.7 (1.2-2.7) |
| Serum creatinine in mg/L | 8 (6-9) |
| Blood urea nitrogen in mg/L | 144 (116-177) |
| C-reactive protein in mg/L | 4 (3-9) |
| Fecal calprotectin in pg/g | 278 (77.5-660) |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in mm/hour | 8 (4-15) |
| Baseline CDC frequency | 14/101 (13.9) |
| Baseline CDI frequency | 2/101 (2.0) |
Table 2 Factors associated with inflammatory bowel disease activity, n (%)/median (interquartile ranges)
| Variable | IBD activity at any time, n = 26 | IBD remission at any time, n = 70 |
| Female | 19 (73.1) | 39 (55.7) |
| Age in years | 37 (29-57)a | 52 (42-59)a |
| Residency | ||
| Mexico City | 14 (53.8) | 29 (41.4) |
| State of Mexico | 5 (19.2) | 12 (17.1) |
| State of Hidalgo | 1 (3.9) | 9 (12.9) |
| Other state | 6 (23.1) | 20 (28.6) |
| Education level | ||
| Illiterate | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) |
| Basic1 | 8 (30.8) | 22 (31.4) |
| Intermediate2 | 7 (26.9) | 15 (21.4) |
| Higher3 | 11 (42.3) | 32 (45.7) |
| Smoking index | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-1) |
| Previous CDI | 1/25 (4.0) | 8/68 (11.8) |
| Previous hospitalization4 | 4 (15.4) | 5 (7.1) |
| Previous healthcare utilization4 | 10 (38.5)a | 13/70 (18.6)a |
| Previous antibiotic use4 | 12/24 (50.0) | 22 (31.4) |
| Previous statin use4 | 0 (0)a | 12 (17.1)a |
| Proton pump inhibitor use4 | 10 (38.5) | 29 (41.4) |
| Previous bowel surgery | 5 (18.5) | 23 (32.9) |
| Age at diagnosis of IBD in years | 30 (24-47) | 38 (30-51) |
| Disease duration at inclusion in years | 7 (4-13) | 10 (5-17) |
| Type of IBD | ||
| Ulcerative colitis | 21 (80.8) | 53 (75.7) |
| Crohn’s disease | 5 (19.2) | 16 (22.9) |
| Indeterminate | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) |
| Extent of ulcerative colitis | ||
| Proctitis | 2/21 (9.5) | 8/53 (15.1) |
| Left-sided colitis | 7/21 (33.3) | 12/53 (22.6) |
| Pancolitis | 12/21 (57.2) | 33/53 (62.3) |
| Days without IBD activity before follow-up | 597 (87-1086) | 1070 (285-1087) |
| Severity of last flare-up | ||
| Mild | 6/18 (33.3) | 17/39 (43.6) |
| Moderate | 11/18 (61.1) | 18/39 (46.2) |
| Severe (uncomplicated) | 1/18 (5.6) | 4/39 (10.2) |
| Treatment at baseline (not mutually exclusive) | ||
| Sulfasalazine and mesalamine | 20/25 (80.0) | 50/69 (72.5) |
| Steroids | 13/25 (52.0) | 19/69 (27.5) |
| Azathioprine | 9/25 (36.0) | 22/69 (31.9) |
| Infliximab | 1/25 (4.0) | 2/69 (2.9) |
| Methotrexate | 1/25 (4.0) | 1/69 (1.4) |
| Laboratory parameters at baseline | ||
| Hb in g/L | 142 (127-152) | 146 (129-153) |
| Platelet count as × 103/μL | 309 (230-344) | 271 (228.3-336.3) |
| Leukocyte count as × 103/μL | 7.5 (6.1-8.6) | 6.6 (4.8-8.2) |
| Lymphocyte count as × 103/μL | 2.0 (1.2-2.6) | 1.7 (1.3-2.6) |
| Serum creatinine in mg/L | 7 (7-8) | 8 (6-9) |
| Blood urea nitrogen in mg/L | 143 (127-179) | 149 (120-176) |
| C-reactive protein in mg/L | 4 (1-7) | 4 (2-10) |
| Fecal calprotectin in pg/g | 268 (111.0-685.1) | 294.5 (61.5-674.5) |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in mm/hour | 6 (3.5-11.2) | 9 (4-16.3) |
| Total CDC episodes | 4 (15.4) | 19 (27.1)5 |
| Total CDI episodes | 1 (3.8) | 3 (4.3) |
- Citation: Morado-Aramburo O, Ochoa-Hein E, Pérez-Gutiérrez MT, Sánchez-Cruz MN, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Ponce-de-Leon A, Sifuentes-Osornio J. Association between Clostridioides difficile colonization and inflammatory bowel disease activity in outpatients with remission. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(35): 118677
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i35/118677.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.118677