Cold water infusion enhances image quality in sedated miniprobe endoscopic ultrasonography: A prospective, multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial

Table 1 Demographic and other baseline characteristics, n (%)/mean ± SD/mean (interquartile range)

Variables	Cold water (n = 80)	Warm water (n = 80)	Hot water (n = 80)	F/χ2/H	P value
Sex
Male	37 (46.3)	35 (43.8)	38 (47.5)	0.235	0.889
Female	43 (53.8)	45 (56.3)	42 (52.5)
Age, years	52.7 ± 12.9	49.3 ± 13.1	51.7 ± 13.0	1.566	0.211
< 55	42 (52.5)	51 (63.7)	43 (53.8)	2.477	0.290
≥ 55	38 (47.5)	29 (36.3)	37 (46.3)
Height, cm	162.2 ± 7.0	162.3 ± 7.3	163.1 ± 7.6	0.381	0.684
Body weight, kg	58.9 ± 10.3	60.3 ± 11.1	59.2 ± 11.1	0.407	0.666
Body mass index, kg/m2	22.2 (19.9, 24.9)	22.4 (20.5, 24.8)	21.3 (19.9, 24.8)	2.068	0.356
Smoking	12 (15.0)	8 (10.0)	17 (21.3)	3.898	0.141
Alcohol	8 (10.0)	8 (10.0)	10 (12.5)	0.345	0.842
Location
Stomach	44 (55.0)	41 (51.2)	43 (53.8)	1.764	0.779
Duodenum	14 (17.5)	18 (22.5)	12 (15.0)
Colorectum	22 (27.5)	21 (26.3)	25 (31.3)
Lesion size, cm	0.8 (0.6, 1.5)	0.8 (0.5, 1.5)	0.8 (0.5, 1.5)	0.223	0.895
Total dose of propofol, mg	200 (185, 265)	200 (153, 200)	200 (193, 280)	2.653	0.265
Water volume, mL	200 (150, 300)	200 (150, 250)	200 (106, 300)	0.650	0.723
Procedure time1, minutes	8 (5, 12)	8 (5, 10)	8 (6, 11)	1.076	0.584
Ultrasonic diagnosis
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor	16 (20.0)	9 (11.3)	15 (18.8)
Leiomyoma	1 (1.3)	2 (2.5)	8 (10.0)
Neuroendocrine tumors	4 (5.0)	4 (5.0)	8 (10.0)
Lipoma	4 (5.0)	2 (2.5)	2 (2.5)
Ectopic pancreas	16 (20.0)	17 (21.3)	11 (13.8)
Lymphangioma	1 (1.3)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
LST	11 (13.8)	11 (13.8)	11 (13.8)
Cyst	8 (10.0)	10 (12.5)	5 (6.3)
Abscess	1 (1.3)	0 (0)	1 (1.3)
Polyp	4 (5.0)	5 (6.3)	4 (5.0)
Vasculature	4 (5.0)	7 (8.8)	3 (3.8)
Inflammatory hyperplasia	7 (8.8)	8 (10.0)	8 (10.0)
Accessory nipple	0 (0)	2 (2.5)	2 (2.5)
External compression	3 (3.8)	2 (2.5)	2 (2.5)

¹Time from T2 (before water infusion) to T4 (after water suction).

LST: Laterally spreading tumor.