Copyright
©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastroenterol. Apr 7, 2023; 29(13): 2050-2063
Published online Apr 7, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i13.2050
Published online Apr 7, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i13.2050
Table 1 Modified Naranjo Score used to grade the included studies with respective points allocated to each criterion
| Criteria | Yes | No | Unsure |
| Are there published reports of the COVID-19 causing acute pancreatitis? | + 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Was there short latency (≤ 7 d) between the onset of infection and the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis? | + 2 | - 1 | 0 |
| Was there a temporal relationship (≤ 1 mo) between onset of infection and onset of acute pancreatitis symptoms? | + 1 | - 1 | 0 |
| Did the acute pancreatitis resolve following resolution of the infection? | + 1 | - 1 | 0 |
| Were all commonly known causes of acute pancreatitis ruled out? (e.g., gallstones/choledocholithiasis, alcohol, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercalcaemia, ERCP, trauma) | + 1 | - 1 | 0 |
| Was a serum IgG4 level checked? (To rule out autoimmune pancreatitis) | + 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Does the patient have or was the patient recently diagnosed with an infection (other than COVID-19) which could cause pancreatitis? | - 1 | + 1 | 0 |
| Was an EUS and/or MRCP performed? (e.g., to rule out occult microlithiasis, pancreatic malignancy and pancreas divisum) | + 1 | - 1 | 0 |
Table 2 Summary of all the included case reports (n = 76 patients) with respective patient demographics, modified Naranjo Score and interpretation
| No | First author | Year | Patient age/Sex | Scoring | Summed score | Result1 | |||||||
| 1 | Acherjya et al[16] | 2020 | 57/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 2 | Al-Douri et al[17] | 2020 | 45/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 3 | Al-Harmi et al[18] | 2021 | 52/F | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 4 | Ali et al[19] | 2021 | 53/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 1 | Doubtful |
| 5 | Aloysius et al[20] | 2020 | 36/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 6 | Alves et al[21] | 2020 | 56/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Probable |
| 7 | Alwaeli et al[22] | 2020 | 30/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 8 | Amé and Balderramo[23] | 2022 | 42/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 9 | 65/F | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Possible | ||
| 10 | Anand et al[24] | 2020 | 59/F | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 11 | Arjun et al[25] | 2020 | 34/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 7 | Probable |
| 12 | Bains et al[26] | 2020 | 68/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 13 | Bokhari and Mahmood[27] | 2020 | 32/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 14 | Bouali et al[28] | 2021 | 60/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 15 | Brikman et al[29] | 2020 | 61/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 16 | Canastar et al[30] | 2020 | 64/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 17 | Chandra et al[31] | 2021 | 53/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 18 | Cheung et al[32] | 2020 | 38/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Probable |
| 19 | Chivato et al[33] | 2021 | 55/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Probable |
| 20 | Dufani et al[34] | 2020 | 27/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 21 | Elhence et al[35] | 2020 | 31/F | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 1 | Doubtful |
| 22 | 40/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 1 | Doubtful | ||
| 23 | 42/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 1 | Doubtful | ||
| 24 | Fernandes et al[36] | 2020 | 36/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 25 | Fiore et al[37] | 2021 | 42/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 26 | 70/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful | ||
| 27 | Gadiparthi et al[38] | 2020 | 40/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 4 | Possible |
| 28 | Gadiparthi et al[39] | 2021 | 74/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 29 | Gonzalo-Voltas et al[40] | 2020 | 76/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 30 | Gupta et al[41] | 2021 | 25/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 6 | Possible |
| 31 | Hadi et al[42] | 2020 | 47/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 32 | 68/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful | ||
| 33 | Hanif et al[43] | 2021 | 30/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 34 | Hassani et al[44] | 2020 | 78/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 35 | Ibrahim et al[45] | 2020 | 33/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 36 | Jespersen Nizamic et al[46] | 2020 | 49/W | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 37 | Kandasamy[47] | 2020 | 45/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 38 | Karimzadeh et al[48] | 2020 | 65/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 39 | Kataria and Sharif[49] | 2020 | 49/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 40 | Kolhe et al[50] | 2020 | 19/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 41 | Kumaran et al[51] | 2020 | 67/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 7 | Probable |
| 42 | Kurihara et al[52] | 2020 | 55/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 43 | Lakshmanan and Malik[53] | 2020 | 68/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 44 | Maalouf et al[54] | 2021 | 62/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 45 | Mazrouei et al[55] | 2020 | 24/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 46 | Meireles et al[56] | 2020 | 36/F | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 47 | Merza et al[57] | 2020 | 57/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 48 | 70/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 1 | Doubtful | ||
| 49 | Meyers et al[58] | 2020 | 67/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 4 | Possible |
| 50 | Miao et al[59] | 2020 | 26/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 51 | Mobin et al[60] | 2020 | 18/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 52 | 66/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 4 | Possible | ||
| 53 | Mohammadi Arbati and Molseghi[61] | 2021 | 28/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 54 | Muhammad Abrar Jeelani et al[62] | 2021 | 24/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 4 | Possible |
| 55 | Naqvi et al[63] | 2020 | 69/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 56 | Narang et al[64] | 2021 | 20/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 57 | Patnaik et al[65] | 2020 | 29/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 58 | Pinte and Baicus[66] | 2020 | 47/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 4 | Possible |
| 59 | Purayil et al[67] | 2020 | 58/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 60 | Rabice et al[68] | 2020 | 36/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 61 | Rotar et al[69] | 2020 | 39/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 62 | Sandhu et al[70] | 2021 | 25/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 63 | Shinohara et al[71] | 2020 | 58/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 2 | Doubtful |
| 64 | Simou et al[72] | 2020 | 67/NM | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 1 | Doubtful |
| 65 | Singh and Kharoud[73] | 2020 | 94/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible |
| 66 | 58/F | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 4 | Possible | ||
| 67 | Srinivasan et al[74] | 2021 | 52/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 68 | Tollard et al[75] | 2021 | 32/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 69 | Tomasi et al[76] | 2021 | 31/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 70 | Truscello et al[77] | 2020 | 71/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 71 | Wang et al[78] | 2020 | 42/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 5 | Possible |
| 72 | 35/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 6 | Possible | ||
| 73 | Wifi et al[79] | 2021 | 72/F | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 3 | Doubtful |
| 74 | Yamamoto et al[80] | 2021 | 70/F | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 1 | Doubtful |
| 75 | Zeng et al[81] | 2020 | 36/M | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 4 | Possible |
| 76 | Zielecki et al[82] | 2020 | 38/M | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Doubtful |
- Citation: Teng TZJ, Chua BQY, Lim PK, Chan KS, Shelat VG. Occam’s razor or Hickam’s dictum-COVID-19 is not a textbook aetiology of acute pancreatitis: A modified Naranjo Score appraisal. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29(13): 2050-2063
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v29/i13/2050.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v29.i13.2050