Artificial intelligence for early detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: The future is promising

Table 1 Studies exploring artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Ref.	Study design	Data source	AI instrument	Patient	Aim	Accuracy
Norton et al[14], 2001	Retrospective	Standard EUS	ANN	21	PDAC vs CP	89%
Ozkan et al[15], 2015	Retrospective	Standard EUS	ANN	332	PDAC vs Nl	89%-92%
Zhang et al[16], 2010	Retrospective	Standard EUS	ANN	216	PDAC vs Nl	98%
Das et al[17], 2008	Retrospective	Standard EUS	ANN	56	PDAC vs Nl vs CP	93%
Zhu et al[18], 2013	Retrospcective	Standard EUS	ANN	388	PDAC vs CP	94%
Săftoiu et al[20], 2012	Prospective	EUS w/ elastography	ANN	258	PDAC vs CP	91%
Săftoiu et al[21], 2008	Prospective	EUS w/elastography	ANN	68	PDAC vs CP	90%
Săftoiu et al[22], 2015	Prospective	EUS w/contrast	ANN	167	PDAC vs CP	95%1
Fu et al[24], 2018	Retrospective	CT	ANN	59	Pancreatic tumor segmentation	76%1
Chu et al[25], 2019	Retrospective	CT	Computer derived forest algorithm	380	PDAC vs Nl	99%
Liu et al[26], 2019	Retrospective	CT	ANN	338	PDAC vs Nl	76%
Chu et al[29], 2019	Retrospective	CT	ANN	456	Segmentation of PDAC vs Nl	94%
Devi et al[32], 2019	Retrospective	MRI	ANN	168	Nl vs Abnormal pancreas	96%
Gao et al[33], 2020	Retrospective	MRI	ANN	504	Identify pancreatic disease	77%
Liang et al[34], 2020	Retrospective	MRI	ANN	27	Segmentation of panc tumors	Not explicitly stated
Muhammad et al[42], 2019	Retrospective	Clinical variables	ANN	800114	PDAC prediction	85%
Klein et al[43], 2013	Retrospective	Clinical variables	Computer derived model	7003	PDAC risk	61%
Hsieh et al[45], 2018	Retrospective	Clinical variables	ANN	> 1 million	NOD predicting PDAC	72%
Zhao et al[46], 2011	Retrospective	Clinival variables + Pubmed data	Bayesian network inference	N/A	PDAC prediction	85%
Sanoob et al[47], 2016	Retrospective	Clinical variables	ANN	120	PDAC detection	Not explicitly stated
Momeni-Boroujeni et al[56], 2017	Retrospective	FNA samples	ANN	75	PDAC diagnosis	77%
Bhasin et al[58], 2016	Retrospective	PDAC genes	Computer vector model	52	PDAC detection	92%
Almeida et al[59], 2020	Retrospective	PDAC genes	ANN	402	PDAC detection	86%

¹Sensitivity.

²Genes. AI: Artificial intelligence; ANN: Artificial Neural Network; CT: Computerized tomography; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; FNA: Fine needle aspiration; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; CP: Chronic pancreatitis; NOD: New onset diabetes.