Artificial intelligence based real-time microcirculation analysis system for laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Table 1 Characteristics of patients, n (%)

Clinical factors	Training	Test	P value
	(n = 50)	(n = 15)
Age (yr)	62.74 ± 7.21	63.8 ± 11.93	0.296
Sex			0.503
Male	32 (64.0)	11 (73.3)
Female	18 (36.0)	4 (26.7)
Smoking			0.615
Non-smoker	46 (92.0)	13 (86.7)
Smoker	4 (8.0)	2 (13.3)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.68 ± 3.00	25.74 ± 3.18	0.036
Hypertension			0.682
Yes	27 (54.0)	9 (60.0)
No	23 (46.0)	6 (40.0)
Diabetes mellitus			0.721
Yes	40 (80.0)	11 (73.3)
No	10 (20.0)	4 (26.7)
Diagnosis			0.385
Rectal cancer	23 (46.0)	5 (33.3)
Sigmoid colon cancer	27 (54.0)	10 (66.7)
Surgery			0.548
Low anterior resection	29 (58.0)	10 (66.7)
Anterior resection	21 (42.0)	5 (33.3)
Initial diverting ileostomy			0.761
Yes	34 (68.0)	11 (73.3)
No	16 (32.0)	4 (26.7)
T stage			0.829
0	1 (2.0)	0 (0.0)
1	17 (34.0)	3 (20.0)
2	8 (16.0)	3 (20.0)
3	21 (42.0)	8 (53.3)
4	3 (6.0)	1 (6.7)
Colon obstruction			1.000
Yes	12 (24.0)	4 (26.7)
No	38 (76.0)	11 (73.3)
Albumin level (g/dL)	4.26 ± 0.31	4.23 ± 0.30	0.494
ASA score			0.304
1	20 (40.0)	9 (60.0)
2	28 (56.0)	5 (33.3)
3	2 (4.0)	1 (6.7)
Anastomosis level (cm)	7.43 ± 4.53	7.67 ± 3.88	0.678
IMA ligation			0.512
High ligation	38 (76.0)	10 (66.7)
Or else	12 (24.0)	5 (33.3)
Transection line change			0.130
Yes	3 (6.0)	3 (4.6)
No	47 (94.0)	12 (80.0)
Anastomotic complications			0.566
Yes	4 (8.0)	0 (0.0)
No	46 (92.0)	15 (100.0)

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American society of anesthesia; IMA: Inferior mesenteric artery.

Table 2 Comparison of anastomotic complication risk assessment between artificial intelligence analysis of various indocyanine green curve patterns and quantitative parameter of indocyanine green curve

Risk label of AI	ICG curve pattern index	Ratio of predictive complication risk by each quantitative parameter of ICG curve			Ratio of anastomotic complications (1400/10000, %)
		T1/2max (%)	TR (%)	RS (%)
Safe	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0/316 (0)
Safe	2	0.00	10.18	0.00	10/384 (3)
Safe	3	0.02	1.90	0.02	10/424 (2)
Safe	4	0.00	0.01	0.00	0/203 (0)
Safe	5	0.00	1.94	0.02	2/218 (1)
Safe	6	0.00	0.01	0.00	1/348 (0)
Safe	7	0.00	14.11	0.05	10/445 (2)
Safe	8	0.18	4.80	0.48	7/291 (2)
Safe	9	0.03	8.03	0.12	14/349 (4)
Safe	11	0.00	0.00	0.00	0/407 (0)
Safe	12	0.00	0.00	0.00	9/365 (2)
Safe	13	0.00	1.40	0.00	6/380 (2)
Safe	16	0.93	0.90	0.00	9/371 (2)
Safe	17	0.44	23.53	1.83	38/524 (7)
Safe	18	3.73	10.57	2.35	16/397 (4)
Safe	25	0.00	0.00	0.00	0/163 (0)
Intermediate	14	3.04	13.93	9.37	100/518 (19)
Intermediate	15	8.10	17.42	30.21	123/528 (23)
Intermediate	19	56.73	23.42	51.15	98/370 (26)
Intermediate	21	73.44	0.02	0.01	104/460 (23)
Intermediate	22	10.61	3.25	0.65	113/438 (26)
Intermediate	23	37.41	0.03	4.31	110/723 (15)
Intermediate	24	32.97	0.09	69.15	171/626 (27)
Dangerous	10	12.44	45.40	46.74	272/490 (56)
Dangerous	20	69.57	34.03	99.78	177/262 (68)

AI: Artificial intelligence; ICG: Indocyanine green; TR: Time ratio; RS: Rising slope.